Tissues and organs

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Tissue
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that carry out the same function.
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Organ
A structural unit that carries out one or more functions.
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Serosa
Outer layer of connective tissue which provides a very thin protective and supportive lining for the alimentary canal
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Muscularis Externa
This consists of an outer layer of longitudinal muscle and an inner layer of circular muscle. Contraction of the longitudinal muscle cause pendular movement and contractions of the circular muscle cause local constrictions.
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Submucosa
Region largely composed of connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and lymphatic vessels which are important in transporting absorbed food products
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Muscularis Mucosa
Thin layer of muscle which is important in moving the villi that are found in the mucosa and increases the contact it has with digested food. Small strands of the muscle extend through the mucosa in each villi to produce a wafting movement
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Mucosa
Thin layer in contact with food in the gut lumen. It is highly specialised with an increased surface area due to the presence of villi and microvilli
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How are products absorbed in the ileum?
The absorption of some products involved both active transport and facilitated diffusion, involving protein carrier molecules. Glucose and amino acids are taken into the epithelial cells by active transport and can diffuse into a capillary network
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How are lipids absorbed by the ileum?
Lipid soluble products **** as glycerol and fatty acids can simply diffuse into the cells lining the villi. Lipids are transported out of the villi by lacteals.
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Crypts of lieberkuhn
These are intestinal glands that lie embedded in the tissue between villi. The cells at the bottom are continually dividing therefore the new cells move up the surface and are sloughed off
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Paneth cells
These are found at the base of the crypts and have an anti-microbial function in protecting their neighbouring actively dividing cells
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Upper epidermis
The upper protective layer of the leaf which has no chloroplasts as it is not directly involved in photosynthesis. It is covered with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
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Why does a leaf have a large surface area?
It provides the leaf with more palisade cells in close proximity to the upper leaf surface and facilitates gas exchange which help with photosynthesis
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Columnar epithelium
Layer of column shaped cells that line the intestine. Along the surface the have villi forming a brush border and has a large surface area due to the enzymes attached to the villi.
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Goblet cells
These cells secrete mucus which is slimy. The mucus is used to protect the epithelium from the action of digestive enzymes and lubricates the lining
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Villi
These are finger like projections which increase the surface area for the absorption of digested products. They contain blood capillaries into which amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed and lacteals which absorb lipids
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Palisade mesophyll
Found in the upper half of the leaf and has layers of tightly packed cells with an abundance of chloroplasts. It is adapted for maximal light absorption as this is the main photosynthetic region in the plant
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Spongy mesophyll
Found in the lower part of the leaf and contains large air spaces. Gas exchange takes place via numerous pores called stomata. They are phtosynthetic meaning they also contain chloroplasts
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Xylem vessels
Supply the leaf with water and inorganic ions
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Phloem sieve tubes
These are used to transport sucros away from the leaf
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Lower epidermis
The cells in the lower epidermis lack chloroplasts. The cuticle secreted on the lower surface is thinner than that on the upper surface as it is not directly exposed to the sun
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Stoma
Stoma allow for gas exchange within the plant. They allow water vapour to diffuse easily out of the leaf. Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells which cause it to close at night and reduce water loss by transpiration
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Organ

Back

A structural unit that carries out one or more functions.

Card 3

Front

Serosa

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Muscularis Externa

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Submucosa

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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