Theory and methods key names

Atkinson (1978)

(Sociology and science) Belives that statistics are social constructs and argues that we will never know the real rate of something like suicide as we can never know the true meanings of the deceased

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Althusser

(Marxism) Structuralist marxism, ISAs and RSAs, criticised the base-superstructure model

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Ainsley (1972)

(Feminism) Describes how wives are the taker of **** who soak up their husbands frustration

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Archer (1995)

(Action theories) Argues that Gidden's underestimates the capacity of structures to resist change

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Brown and Gray (1985)

(quan/qual methods) Used actor/correspondence tests to see if the companies would hier dependent on race, the applications were exactly the same

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Becker (1971) methods

(Qual methods) used agression, disbelief and playing dumb to get teachers to reveal how they classified pupils

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Best (1993)

(Quan methods) Analysed gender roles in children's reading schemes through content analysis

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Becker (1970) objectivity and values

interactionist who argues that values should always be present in society

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Barret (1980)

(feminism) argues that we have to give more emphasis to women's consciousness and motivations towards the ideologies of familism

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Butler and Scott

Post structuralist feminists

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Butler

(Feminism) argues that the white, western MC woman who s=dominate feminist movements have a false claim to represemt universal womanhood

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Blumer (1987)

(Action theories) developed G.H Mead's theories into 3 concepts, our actions are based on meanings, meanings coem from interactions and the meanings we give are based on a result of the procedures of taking the role of the other

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Beck (1992)

(G,M,PM) We are now living in a risk society where threats come from human technology rather than natural disaters

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Cicourel (1968)

(Qual) Rejects the idea that offcial stats are real, they are social constructs

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Comte (1857)

(Sociology and science) was the one who coined the term sociologists and namesd them positivists

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Craib Marxism

Capitalism has 3 structures, economic, political and ideological

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Cooley (1922)

(Action theories) Labelling theory- the looking glass self, uses this to describe how we develop our self concept (the idea of who we are)

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Craib Action theories

Structuration thory isnt a real theory because it doesnt explain why things happen

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Durkheim (1897) methods

(Quan) Used the quantitative method on his classic study of suicide that relied on analysing official stats

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Durkheim Sociology as a science

Chose to study suicide to show that sociology was a science within it's own distinct subject

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Douglas (1967)

(Sociology as a science) Rejects the pos idea of external social facts affecting our behaviour

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Firestone (1974)

(Fem) Patriarchy lies in women's capacity to care and bear infants since performing this role means they are dependent on men

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Graham (1983)

(Quan) Claims that questionnaires and structured intervies give a distorted view of women's experiences

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Glasser and Strauss (1968) methods

Reject the positivist idea that research involves a fixed hypothesis that is tested by collecting data

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Gill (1988)

(Quan/qual) Describes how formal conent analysis works

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Glasser and Strauss sociology and science

Favour a bottom approach when trying to explain society- grounded theory

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Garfinkel sociology as a science

Completley rejects the possibility of a causual explanations of human behaviour

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Gouldner (1975)

(Objectivity and values) Argues by the 1950s American sociologists had become spiritless techinicians as they are no longer problem makers where they define their own research but have become problem takers having to sell their researh

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Goffman (1968) objectivity and values

Argues to describe the situation fully we have to be biased

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Gramsci

(Marx) Hegemony

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Greer (2000)

(fem) Argues for the creation of all female matrilocal households as an alternative to the heterosexual family

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Goffman (1968) Action theories

Dramaturgical model, impression management, and roles

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Garfinkel (1967)

(action theories) Rejects the idea that society is real and out there- endomethodology

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Hartmann (1979)

(Fem) See cap and the patriarchy as two intertwined systems

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Husser (1938)

(Action theories) Developed phenomenology- the world only makes sense becasue we impose meaning and order on to it

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Harvey (1989)

Rejects the pessimistic view about the enlightenment projetct and believes that political decisions do make a real difference

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Hirst (1993)

(G,M,PM) Rejects Beck's view that movements such as environmentalism will make a real change

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Jameson

(G,M,PM) a marxist who beleives that we have moved into a post modern society

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Kuhn (1970)

(Sociology as a science) Paradigm, normal science and scientific revolution

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Keat and Urry (1978)

(sociology as a science) Stress the similarities between sociology and certain kinds of natural sciences in the degrees of control they have

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Kellner and Best (1991)

(G,M,PM) Suggest that post modernity is a weak theory as it makes observations but it doesn't explain the origins of thgee

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Lash and Urry (!989/1994)

(G,M,PM) The nation stae becomes important in regulating capitalism and maintains the conditions under which it operates, labelling this as organised capitalism

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Lyotard (1992)

In a post modern society knowlede is a series of language games or ways of seeing the world

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Mead

(Sociology as a science) Rather than responding automatically to external stimuli we interpret the meaning and choose how to respond

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Mydral (1969)

(Objectivity and values) Argues that sociologists should not only spell out their values but should openly take sides

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Merton (1968)

(Func) Internal critique of Parsons, indispensibility and functional unity, universal functionalisim and manifest and latent functions

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Marx

(Marx) saw historical change as a contradictory process in which capitalism would increase human misery giving way to a classless communist society

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Mitchell (1975)

(Fem) Uses Freud's psychoanalysist theory to argue that ideas about feminity are so deep in women's minds that it is hard to unlodge them

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G.H.Mead (1863-1931)

(Action theories) Symbols vs instincts- before we respind we have to interpret the meaning, taking the role of the other means putting ourselves in the place of the other person to understand their meanings

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Murray (1984)

(Social policy and sociology) Argues that generous welfare benefits offer pervese incentives and take away the family's self reliance

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Oakley (1981)

(Methods) Argues a positivist masculine approach to research places a high value on objectivity and detachment

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Omhae (1994)

(G,M,PM) We now live in a borderless world in which TNCs and consumers have more power than national governments

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Pawson (1992)

(Methods) Argues there is nothing distinctly feminst or original about Oakley's approach

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Popper (1902/94)

(Sociolgy as a science) Fallacy of induction, falsificationism, truth, cirticism and the open society

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Phlanck

(SaaS) A new paradigm triumphs because its opponents eventually die

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Parsons

Organic anaology, social order, AGIL schema

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Pollert (1996)

(Fem) A radical feminist that argues the concept of patriarchy is of little value becasue it involves a circular argument

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Philo and Miller (2001)

(G,M.PM) Criticise post modernism as it ignores class inequality, overlooks poverty restrictions, wrong to claim that people can't tell the difference between the real and a media image

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Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

(Methods) An example of the researcher manipulating one or more variables to see the effect oin unwitting subjects

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Reinharz (1983)

(Methods) Suggests the feminist view that the relationship between the reseracher and reseacrjed is patriarchal 'research as ****'

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Rich (1981)

(Fem) Argues men continue to force women into narrow and unsatisfying compulsory heterosexuality

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Reynolds (1975)

(Action theories) Provides evidence to suggest that interactionism lacks structure

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Rustin (1994) Criticises Beck for the view that technology is the biggest risk when it's actualling

Criticises Beck for the view that technology is the biggest risk when it's actually capitalism

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Schofields (1965)

(Methods) Found that research can be affected by lying, forgetting, trying to impress, researched sexual behaviour and asked teenager's if they were virgins and one replied 'no not yet'

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Shipman (1997)

(Methods) When the reseacher categories are not the same as the respondent's categories then primary bending of the data is inevitable

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Sott (1990)

(Methods) Argues that documents may lack validity as a source of data

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Somerville (2000)

(Fem) Argues that hetorsexual attraction makes it unlikely that the nuclear family will be replaced by single sex households

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Seak (1999)

(Fem) Criticises post structuralist feminists for abonding any notion of real/objective social structures

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Schutz (1972)

(Action theories) says that Weber's views of social action is too individualistic and cannot explain the shared nature of meanings and phenomenological society

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Thomas and Znaniecki's (1919)

(method) Interactionist study of migration/social change which made use of documents

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Thomas (1996)

(Action theories) Labelling theory- if people define a situation as real it will have real consequences

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Townsend (1979)

(sociolgy and social policy) Argue that sociologists should be involved in researching social problems and should suggest ways to sort them

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Wood et al (2010)

(Methods) Correspondence tests- they closely matched job applivcations for almost 1000 vacancies and applicants only differed in ethnicity

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Young and Willmott (1962)

(Methods) Used structured interviews to interview 933 people in their london study

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Walby (1991) Methods

(Methods) made a thematic analysis of the ways newspapers reported similar events

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Watkins (1970)

(SaaS) While Popper sees falsification as the unique feature of science, for Kuhn its puzzle solving

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Weber (Objectivity and values)

Argues that we can't derive facts from our judgements as values can't be proved

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Weber (Marxism)

Criticises Marxism as being economically deterministic as the emergence of new ideas is more important than the economy

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Walby Feminism

Argues that capitalism and the patriarch are related

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Weber Action Theories

One of the founding fathers of sociology- saw both structural and action approaches as necessary for a full understanding of human behaviour- level of cause and level of meaning

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Worsley (1977)

(Social policy) defines a social problem as behviour that causes friction and a sociological problem is any pattern of relationships that might require an expnation

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Giddens (1984) Action Theory

Combines structure and action into 1 theory- structuration theory, explains that we reproduce structures through agency

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Baudrillard

(G,M,PM) Argues that knowledge is central to a post modern society, signs no longer stand for anything but themselves these signs are called simulcra

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Giddens (1984) G,M,PM

We are now at a late/high state of high modernity, we are experiencing rapid social change

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