all words used in association with women tend to become derorgatory.
1 of 18
Hines 1994
terms of address for women as metaphors for deserts.
2 of 18
Sara Mills 1995
lexical pairs where the male term suggests a positive attribute while the female term suggests a negative one.
3 of 18
Keith and Shuttleworth 1999
women- talk more, polite, indecisive, complain, ask questions, supportive and are coopertive. Men- swear, talk about women and machines similarly, dont discuss emotions, insult, interrupt, competitive and give commands.
4 of 18
Lakoff 1975
female speech comes from a lack of power and assertiveess.- hedges, polite, tag questions, empty adjectives, correct grammer, direct quotation, speak less, apologise, modal constructions, indirect commands, intensifiers and lack of humour.
5 of 18
Coates 1995
women mirror, balance and echo each other as they share experiences, social questions and personal issues.
6 of 18
O'barr and Atkins 1980
language differences are situation-specific relying on who has the power in a conversation.
7 of 18
Janet Holmes 1992
Tag questions function as a device to maintain discussion or to be polite.
8 of 18
Trudgill 1974
men tend to use a more non-standard pronounciation, men under-report and women over-report.
9 of 18
Jenny Chesire 1982
teenagers- boys use non-standard forms more than girls do.
10 of 18
Holmes 2000
masculine characteristics are seen as the way to be a successful manager in the workplace. direct, agressive,dominates talking time, interrupts, task-orientated.
11 of 18
Kuiper 1991
men use insults to express solidarity.
12 of 18
Anderson and Trudgill 1990
'****' is. used in auxillary swearing and usually not aimed at someone directly.
13 of 18
Dooling 1996
women react differently to swearing. a woman would file a formal complaint while a male would tell hi harrasser to '**** himself'
14 of 18
Tannen 1994
women are more likely to mitigate criticisms than men and save face for their subordinates.
15 of 18
Woods 1989
male subordinates dominated by holding the floor, inerupting frequently, giving less assent to women speakers, gender overides power in the workplace.
16 of 18
Zimmerman and West 1975
same sex exchanges- intruptions evenly distributed. mixed sex interactions- 96% of interuptions are from men.
17 of 18
Labov 1972
female assistants used more standard forms in the more presigious department stores. All speakers when asked to repeat themselves used more standard forms.
18 of 18
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
terms of address for women as metaphors for deserts.
Back
Hines 1994
Card 3
Front
lexical pairs where the male term suggests a positive attribute while the female term suggests a negative one.
Back
Card 4
Front
women- talk more, polite, indecisive, complain, ask questions, supportive and are coopertive. Men- swear, talk about women and machines similarly, dont discuss emotions, insult, interrupt, competitive and give commands.
Back
Card 5
Front
female speech comes from a lack of power and assertiveess.- hedges, polite, tag questions, empty adjectives, correct grammer, direct quotation, speak less, apologise, modal constructions, indirect commands, intensifiers and lack of humour.
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