Theories of Crime
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- Created by: Cody Potter
- Created on: 21-02-13 09:22
13% sons with non-criminal fathers had convictions, 20% with criminal fathers did. (BIOLOGICAL)
Osborn and West
1 of 27
studied convictions in over 14,000 adoptee's and found more support for biological influence. (BIOLOGICAL)
Mednick et al
2 of 27
association between one variant of a gene and violent behaviour. another gene has been linked to aggression in animals. (BIOLOGICAL)
Retz et al
3 of 27
investigated links between impulsivity and variants of a gene in humans. one gene variant is more frequent in adults with high levels of aggression.when explored brain activity, reduced activity in area involved in emotion and reward- effect control.
Reif et al
4 of 27
found male prisioners who committed violent crimes had higher testorone than those committing non-violent- found same for female prisioners, suggesting hormone level is a key factor in criminal behaviour (BIOLOGICAL).
Dabbs et al
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found violent offenders had low serotonin turnover (quickly neurotransmitter is recycled after use). also more likely to commit further violent crimes after release from prision.(BIOLOGICAL)
Virkkunen et al
6 of 27
3 body types- certain temperaments.Endomorphy: relaxed, sociable with love for comfort, food and affection.Mesomorphy: active,assertive, desire for physical activity.Ectomorphy: restrained, inhibited, hyper-attentive -ascribed a number from low-high.
Sheldon
7 of 27
classification system was problematic as many people couldnt be classified into a single component.
Andrews and Bonta
8 of 27
essential that children experience warm, intimate and continious relationships with their primary carers to avoid negative effects of maternal deprivation.44 thieves-1/4 experienced major seperation in early childhood.12/14 juvenille's experienced MD
Bowlby
9 of 27
90% of youths who endured 5 or more parental disruptions engaged in criminal behaviour.(PSYCHOLOGICAL)
Thornberry et al
10 of 27
followed 1500 boys from childhood to 30 years, found children who experienced 2 or more disruptions by age of 10 were almost twice as likely to commit violent crimes as those who did not.(PSYCHOLOGICAL)
Loeber et al
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the observer must pay attention, able to remember and reproduce their observation, motivated.External(direct) reinforcment-gains from theft or vicarious reinforcement-see model benefit.internal identified with model.Children likely to imitate samesex
Bandura
12 of 27
Social Disorganisation - examined distribution of delinquents addresses. observed they were more likely to live in Zone2:residential areas invaded by business.A few living in Zone4&5:middle class on edge of city&upper class outside city.
Shaw and McKay
13 of 27
most people dont commit crime because their ego is able to manage the competing demands of the id and superego.sometimes, superego fails to develop properly,causing criminal behaviour-overdeveloped,underdeveloped & deviant superego(PSYCHOLOGICAL)
Aichhorn
14 of 27
criminal justice systems treatment of people as 'generally criminal' increases likelihood of future criminal involvement. it occurs as people labelled as criminal are treated accordingly by community.(SOCIAL)
Becker
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irresponsible but non-arrestable people and professional criminals develop similar thinking processes, to different degree's.Crime doesnt go to potiential offender; but potiential offender goes to the crime.(COGNITIVE)
Yochelson and Samenow
16 of 27
people progress through different stages of moral development.Preconvential:no understanding of rules of society.Conventional:internalised rules and only obey laws because its a law.Post-Conventional:they know the rules, choose to accept/reject them.
Kohlberg
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crimes more likely to be committed by people at a lower level of moral development, offenders are characteristically less mature with regard to moral reasoning than non-offenders (COGNITIVE).
Hollin et al
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relationship between blame attributions and types of offender, found rapists likely to experience guilt-feeling attributions,violent offenders likely to use mental-element attributions.External attributions of blame correlated postive with psychotici
Gudionsson and Singh
19 of 27
12% of sons with criminal record had biological parent who was a criminal, 7% who had adoptive parent with criminal record.(BIOLOGICAL)
Bohman
20 of 27
men on an unbalanced diet became more aggressive soon after eating. Artifical sweetner is high in phenylalanine & low in tryptophan- should be avoided by people with aggressive tendencies. (BIOLOGICAL)
Moeller et al
21 of 27
Dutch family, many were aggressive. behaviour linked to mutation of a gene, which helps to recycle serotonin. since mutation was associated with lack of enzyme, shoud produce reduction in aggression as serotonin is broke down (BIOLOGICAL)
Brunner et al
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found MZ twins were more similar in terms of juvienile crime than DZ. Latter became much less similar in adulthood, suggesting that once the environment impact on parenting was removed, genetic factors had greater influence. (BIOLOGICAL)
Lyons et al
23 of 27
studied Ashanti people who gave boys birthday 'soul names', as it affects their character;monday:mild mannered Wednesday:aggressive.Found 13.5% who referred to courts were Wednesday.6.9% were Monday.Suggests expectations about nature & names were ful
Jahoda
24 of 27
assessed mothers expectations of their teenage children's underage drinking. when mothers believed their children would drink more, expectations were fulfilled. (PSYCHOLOGICAL)
Madon et al
25 of 27
found positive correlation between level of violence in TV watched by7-8 year olds & their aggressiveness.By teenagers, even stronger in boys.By adulthood, more violence the boys watched on TV, more likely they were violent criminals in the future.(S
Eron et al
26 of 27
the boys in his study were more aggressiveness than girls, girls more likely to imitate verbal aggression, boys physical. Suggests factors other than models determine which specific act will be imitated. (SOCIAL)
Bandura
27 of 27
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
studied convictions in over 14,000 adoptee's and found more support for biological influence. (BIOLOGICAL)
Back
Mednick et al
Card 3
Front
association between one variant of a gene and violent behaviour. another gene has been linked to aggression in animals. (BIOLOGICAL)
Back
Card 4
Front
investigated links between impulsivity and variants of a gene in humans. one gene variant is more frequent in adults with high levels of aggression.when explored brain activity, reduced activity in area involved in emotion and reward- effect control.
Back
Card 5
Front
found male prisioners who committed violent crimes had higher testorone than those committing non-violent- found same for female prisioners, suggesting hormone level is a key factor in criminal behaviour (BIOLOGICAL).
Back
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