Theories and Methods Sociologists

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  • Created by: horsn002
  • Created on: 28-04-19 12:22
Durkheim (Quantitative Research)
Used the comparative method in his study of suicide which relied on analysing official statistics.
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Oakley (Quan R)
The positivist approach is a masculine approach – regards science as more important that furthering the interests of the people it researches.
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Graham (Quan R)
Questionnaires and Interviews give a distorted and invalid picture of women’s experience.
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Glaser and Strauss (Qualitative Research)
Reject the positivist idea that research involves a beginning with a fixed hypothesis. They argue research should begin with an open mind, not a set idea.
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Oakely (Qual R)
Feminist approach to research – value committed, researchers involvement, aims for equality and collaboration
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Willis (Qual R)
Use of observation to study the lads from a neo-Marxist perspective.
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Popper (Sociology & Science)
Popper believes that lots of sociology is unscientific because it is unfalsifiable. It could be scientific if hypotheses were produced and they were tested.
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Kuhn (S&S)
Sociology doesn’t have agreed paradigms making it a pre-science.
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Keat and Urry (S&S)
Sociology is an open system (not all aspects can be controlled) but that doesn’t make it totally unscientific.
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Weber (Objectivity and Value Freedom)
Values should be used in research to guide the research, to interpret data. Recognises that sociologists are humans and can’t be fully objective.
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Becker (O&V.F)
Sociologists should take the stance of the ‘underdogs’. They should research less known groups and support groups whose voiced need to be heard.
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Marx (O&V.F)
Scientific in the sense he wanted to reveal the truth behind the exploitation and alienation in capitalism to help deliver a good society.
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Gouldner (O&V.F)
Sociologists should take the stance of those who are fighting back – it should be committed to ending oppression.
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Durkheim (Functionalism)
Mechanical solidarity – society had a strong collective conscience
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Parsons (F)
Value consensus, social order – society must have socialisation and social control. There are societal needs – adaption, goal attainment, integration, latency.
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Merton (F)
Critical of Parsons – assumes everything is functional, may not all work together well, some things may be functional for one group and dysfunctional for another.
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Marx (Marxism)
Class conflict – owners of means of production vs. class of labourers. Bourgeoise exploit proletariat to make a profit. Ideology of the R/C is transmitted in society. Proletariat becomes alienated & eventually rise up and overthrow capitalism
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Gramsci (M)
Hegemony – ideology of the upper, dominant class. For revolution to happen, the proletariat need to develop dual consciousness – they need to develop a counter hegemony.
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Althusser (M)
Ideological State Apparatus – institutions in society spread the ideology of capitalism. Repressive state apparatus – armies of men who coerce the working class to accept capitalism.
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Oakley (Feminism)
Liberal feminists distinguish between sex & gender. There are cultural differences in the understanding of gender. Sexist attitudes are socially constructed. So, social action can bring about change in ideas of gender roles.
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Firestone (Fem)
Patriarchy develops due to women’s biological capacity to bear children, so they become dependent on men for support.
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Greer (Fem)
Radical feminists believe in separatism – there needs to be a new culture of female independence. We should have matrilocal households, as heterosexual households leads to sleeping with the enemy.
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Barrett (Fem)
In order to overthrow capitalism, we must overthrow the ideology of familism which encourages traditional gender roles.
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Butler (Fem)
We need to embrace post-structuralism to help understand that all women are different and have difference experiences of oppression.
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Weber (Social Action)
Different types of action – instrumentally rational, value rational, traditional, affectual. Wrote the ‘protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism’ using these ideas to understand their behaviour. Contrasted to Marx’s ideas about capitalism.
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Mead (S.A)
Symbols help us to understand social behaviour. In order to know how to act we take on the role of the other we put ourselves in another’s shoes to see how they see us.
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Goffman (S.A)
Dramaturgical analogy. We act in different ways depending on the situation – the front stage and the back stage through impression management.
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Giddens (S.A)
Structuration theory – structure and agency comes together – structure changes based on action.
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Garfinkel (S.A)
Created breaching experiments to understand the meaning behind social action. Developed the idea of reflexivity and indexicality.
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Blumer (S.A)
Our actions are not totally fixed, sometimes they are predictable but we have choice in how we perform our roles.
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Beck (Globalisation, Modernity and Post-Modernity)
We live in a risk society – post modernism brings fragmentation and risk with globalisation.
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Lyotard (G, M & P-M)
There is no such thing as real knowledge – post-modern society has many competing meta-narratives – we no longer know what truth is.
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Baudrillard (G, M & P-M)
We live in hyper reality. We can’t distinguish between media life and real life.
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Foucault (G, M & P-M)
We now reject scientific knowledge as truth – we can’t judge what is true or not so we can’t use it to improve society. Other theories are meta narratives – just big stories that attempt to explain everything but they can’t so are unhelpful.
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Murray (Sociology and Social Policy)
Believes policy to support families and welfare should be reduce as it creates social problems.
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Wilson and Kelling (S&S.P)
Production of zero tolerance policies to reduce criminal behaviour in society.
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Worsley (S&S.P)
A social problem is some piece of social behaviour that causes public friction and or private misery and calls for collective action to solve it.
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Durkheim (S&S.P)
Functionalist take a positive approach. They take a cautious approach to policy – believe you should fix one issue at a time.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The positivist approach is a masculine approach – regards science as more important that furthering the interests of the people it researches.

Back

Oakley (Quan R)

Card 3

Front

Questionnaires and Interviews give a distorted and invalid picture of women’s experience.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Reject the positivist idea that research involves a beginning with a fixed hypothesis. They argue research should begin with an open mind, not a set idea.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Feminist approach to research – value committed, researchers involvement, aims for equality and collaboration

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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