The transformation of surgery

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Who performed the first heart transplant and where?
Dr Christiaan Barnard, South Africa
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Who discovered the three different blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner
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What became possible after blood groups were discovered?
Blood Transfusions
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What was the first effective anaesthetic?
Chloroform
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Who discovered chloroform?
James Simpson
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Who was it that used carbolic acid to kill bacteria in wounds and operating theatres?
Joseph Lister
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Which were the three problems during surgery in the early 1800s?
Pain, infection and blood loss
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What were the 6 factors which helped the development of surgery?
War, individuals, chance, science and technology, communications and attitudes and beliefs in society
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Who discovered laughing gas (nitrous oxide)?
Sir Humphry Davy
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What was the problem with laughing gas?
It didn't make patients completely unconscious
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Why wasn't wither a good anaesthetic?
It irritated the eyes and lungs, causing coughing and sickness; it could catch fire if close to a flame; it had an awful smell and it came in a heavy bottle which was difficult to carry around
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Why did some people oppose to the use of chloroform?
1. Surgeons didn't need to be fast. 2. It was untested. 3. Hannah Greener died(unknown dosage) 4. More complex operations. 5.Religion. 6. Unnatural, childbirth
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What happened to make some of the opposition to chloroform give way?
Queen Victoria accepted the use of it during the birth of her eighth child
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What were 2 of the improvements in surgery that chloroform enabled?
1. Surgery was pain free, less died of shock. 2. More time; work deeper inside body.
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What were 5 problems caused by the use of chloroform?
1. Right dosage. 2. Made patients vomit. 3. Operated at high speed. 4. Risky operations(asleep), more deaths. 5. Infection and blood loss
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What was surgery like before antiseptics?
Infection was common, high mortality rates, high amputation rates
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What were the reasons for opposition to antiseptics?
Scared of change; come to terms with surgery; surgeons didn't achieve the same results; speed was essential; carboloc spray seemed extreme
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Who wrote reports on germ theory?
Pasteaur
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Antiseptics-what were the three improvements?
1. Washing hands with carbolic acid. 2. Carbolic spray to kill germs in the air around operating table. 3. Antiseptic ligature to tie up blood vessels and prevent blood loss
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When did the first human-to-human blood transfusions start and where?
In the 1790s, in America
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What accelerated the improvements in blood transfusions?
World War One
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When was the first portable x-ray machine developed?
World War One
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who discovered the three different blood groups?

Back

Karl Landsteiner

Card 3

Front

What became possible after blood groups were discovered?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the first effective anaesthetic?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who discovered chloroform?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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