The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
- Created by: hannahx
- Created on: 05-04-13 12:11
Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton
1 of 62
Axial Skeleton
This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine and rib cage
2 of 62
Ligament
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. It binds the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation
3 of 62
Tendon
A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
4 of 62
Collagen
A fibrous protein with great strength that is the main component of bone
5 of 62
Calcium
The mineral stored in bone that keeps it hard and strong. 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone
6 of 62
Diaphysis
The shaft or middle part of a long bone
7 of 62
Epiphysis
The end portion of a long bone
8 of 62
Bone Marrow
Connective tissue found in the spaces inside bone that is the site of blood cell production and fat storage
9 of 62
Growth Plate
The area of growing tissue near the end of long bones in children and adolescents, often referred to as the 'epiphyseal plate'. When physical maturity is reached, the growth plate of replaced by solid bone
10 of 62
Articular Cartilage
A thin layer of glassy-smooth cartilage that is quite spongy and covers the end of bones at a joint. It's function is to absorb shock and to prevent friction between the ends of the bones and joint
11 of 62
Synovial Fluid
A slippery fluid the consistency of egg-whites that is contained within the joint cavity. It's function is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint.
12 of 62
Joint Capsule
A tough fibrous tissue that has two layers, with the fibrous capsule lying outside the synovial membrane. The fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint, while the synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid
13 of 62
Bursa
A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid that contains a thin film of synovial fluid. It's function is to prevent friction at sites in the body where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones might rub together
14 of 62
Meniscus
A wedge of white fibrocartilage that improves the fit between adjacent bone ends, making the joint more stable and reducing wear and tear on joint surfaces
15 of 62
Pad of Fat
A fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle
16 of 62
Place of Movement
A flat surface running through the body within which different types of movement can take place about different types of synovial joint. There are three main planes that describe the movement of the human body
17 of 62
Ball and Socket Joint
A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of an adjacent bone. Movement can occur in three planes. This joint allows the greatest range of movement. Examples from the skeleton are the shoulder and hip
18 of 62
Hinge Joint
A cylindrical protusion of one bone articulates with a trough-shaped depression of an adjacent bone. Movement is restricted to one plane. This joint allows bending and straightening only. Examples from the skeleton are the elbow, knee and ankle
19 of 62
Pivot Joint
A rounded or pointed structure of one bone articulates with a ring-shaped structure of an adjacent bone. Movement is restricted to one plane. This joint allows rotation about its longitudinal axis only. E.g. radio-ulna joint, and the spine
20 of 62
Condyloid Joint
Similar to a ball and socket joint but with much flatter articulating surfaces forming a much shallower joint. Movement can occur in two planes. This joint allows the second greatest range of movement. E.g., the wrist
21 of 62
Gliding Joint
Articulating surfaces are almost flat and of a similar size Gliding allows movement in three planes, but is severely limited. E.g., the spine. (between the bony processes of the vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions)
22 of 62
Anatomical Position
An upright standing position with head, shoulders, chest, palms of hands, hips, knees and toes facing forwards.
23 of 62
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
24 of 62
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
25 of 62
Superior
Towards the head or upper part of the body
26 of 62
Inferior
Towards the feet or lower part of the body
27 of 62
Medial
Towards the middle of the body
28 of 62
Lateral
Towards the outside of the body
29 of 62
Flexion
Decreasing the angle of a joint
30 of 62
Extension
Increasing the angle of a joint
31 of 62
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
32 of 62
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
33 of 62
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
34 of 62
Circumduction
The lower (distal) end of the bone, moves in a circle; it is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
35 of 62
Lateral Flexion
Bending the head for trunk sideways
36 of 62
Plantar Flexion
Moving the foot downwards, away from the tibia
37 of 62
Dorsiflexion
Moving the foot upwards, towards the tibia
38 of 62
Supination
Facing the palm of the hand forwards (while in the anatomical position)
39 of 62
Pronation
Facing the palm of the hand backwards (while in the anatomical position)
40 of 62
Origin
Point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contractions
41 of 62
Insertion
Point of attachment of a muscle that tends to move towards the origin during muscular contraction
42 of 62
Antagonistic muscle action
As one muscle shortens to produce movement, another muscle lengthens to allow that movement to take place
43 of 62
Agonist Muscle
The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at a joint
44 of 62
Antagonist Muscle
The muscle that has an action opposite to that of the agonist and helps in the production of a coordinated movement
45 of 62
Core Stability
The ability of your trunk to support the forces from your arms and legs during different types of physical activity. It enables joints and muscles to work in their safest and most efficient positions, therefore reducing the risk of injury
46 of 62
Rotator Cuff
The 'supraspinatus', 'infraspinatus', 'teres minor' and 'subscapularis' muscles make up the rotator cuff. They work to stabilise the shoulder joint to prevent the larger muscles from displacing the head of the humerus during physical activity
47 of 62
Isotonic Contraction
Tension is produced in the muscle while there is a change in muscle length. It is a dynamic contraction because the joint will move
48 of 62
Concentric Contraction
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening while producing tension
49 of 62
Isometric Contraction
Tension is produced in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length. It is a static contraction because the joint will stay in the same position
50 of 62
Eccentric Contraction
A type of contraction that involves the muscle lengthening while producing tension
51 of 62
Muscle Fibre
A long cylindrical muscle cell. Muscle fibres are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle
52 of 62
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibre
A slow muscle fibre associated with aerobic work. It produces a small force over a long period of time: high resistance to fatigue. It is suited to endurance based activities, e.g. marathon running
53 of 62
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibre
A type of muscle associated with anaerobic work. It produces a large force over a short period of time: low resistance to fatigue. It is suited to power-based activities, e.g. sprinting, power lifting.
54 of 62
Aerobic Exercise
Is performed in the presence of oxygen at a sub-maximal intensity over a prolonged period of time, e.g. rowing
55 of 62
Anaerobic Exercise
Is performed in the absence of oxygen at a maximal intensity that can only be sustained for a short period of time due to the build up of lactic acid, e.g. sprinting
56 of 62
Osteoporosis
Weakening of bones caused by a reduction in bone density making them prone to fracture
57 of 62
Sedentary
An inactive lifestyle with little or no exercise
58 of 62
Osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint disease caused by a loss of articular cartilage at the ends of long bones in a joint. It causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in your joints
59 of 62
Bone Spurs
Are small projections of bone that form around joints due to damage to the joint's surface, most commonly caused from the onset of osteoarthritis. They limit movement and cause pain in the joint
60 of 62
Joint Stability
This refers o the resistance offered by various musculo-skeletal tissues that surround a joint
61 of 62
Muscle Tone
The continual state of partial contraction of a muscle that helps to maintain posture
62 of 62
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine and rib cage
Back
Axial Skeleton
Card 3
Front
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. It binds the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation
Back
Card 4
Front
A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
Back
Card 5
Front
A fibrous protein with great strength that is the main component of bone
Back
Related discussions on The Student Room
Similar Physical Education resources:
0.0 / 5
5.0 / 5 based on 2 ratings
0.0 / 5
4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
2.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made