The Restless Earth-Key Words

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Crust
The outer layer of the earth
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Plate
A section of the earth's crust
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Plate margin
The boundary where two plates meet
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Mantle
The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust
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Convection currents
The circular currents of heat in the mantle
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Subduction
The sinking of oceanic crust at a destructive margin
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Collision
The meeting of two plates of continental crust. They are both the same type so they meet 'head on' and buckle.
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Fold Mountains
Large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together
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Ocean Trenches
Deep sections of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate
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Composite volcano
A steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash
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Shield volcano
A broad volcano that is mostly made up of lava
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Subsistence
Farming to provide food and other resources for the farmer's own family
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Terraces
Steps cut into hillsides to create areas of flat land
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Irrigation
Artificial watering of the land
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Hydroelectric power
The use of flowing water to turn turbines to generate electricity
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Natural Hazard
An occurrence over which people have little control, which poses a threat to peoples lives and possessions. This is different from a natural event as volcanoes can erupt in unpopulated areas without it being a hazard.
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Primary effects
The immediate effects of the eruption, caused directly by it
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Secondary effects
The after-effecs that occur as an indirect effect of the eruption on a longer timescale
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Aid
Money, food, training and technology given by richer countries to poorer ones, either to help with an emergency or to encourage long-term development.
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Earthquake
A sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the earth's crust, which is felt at the surface
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Immediate responses
How people react as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath
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Long-term responses
Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event
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Vent
The opening-usually central and single-in a volcano, from which magma is emitted
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Lahar
These secondary effects of a volcanic eruption are mudflows, resulting from ash mixing with melting ice or water
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Supervolcano
A mega colossal volcano that erupts at least 1000km cubed of material
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Caldera
The depression of the super volcano marking the collapsed magma chamber
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Fissures
Extended openings along a line of weakness that allow magma to escape
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Geothermal
Water that is heated beneath the ground, which comes to the surface in a variety of ways
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Geyser
A geothermal feature in which water erupts into the air under pressure
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Hot spot
A section of the earth's crust where plumes of magma rise, weakening the crust. These are away from plate boundaries
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Focus
The point in the earth's crust where the earthquake originates
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Richter scale
A logarithmic scale used for measuring earthquakes, based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement
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Epicentre
The point at the earths surface directly above the focus
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Shock waves
Seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earths crust
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Mercalli scale
A means of measuring earthquakes by describing and comparing the damage done, one a scale of one to ten
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Debt
Money owed to others, to a bank or to a global organisation such as the World Bank
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Prediction
Attempts to forecast an event-where and when it will happen-based on current knowledge
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Protection
Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse
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Preparation
Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do in the event of an earthquake
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Tsunami
A special type of wave where the entire depth of the sea or ocean is set in motion by an event, often an earthquake, which displaces the water above it and creates a huge wave
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A section of the earth's crust

Back

Plate

Card 3

Front

The boundary where two plates meet

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The circular currents of heat in the mantle

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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