How is the capacity of short-term memory assessed, and when and who created it?
By using digit span created in the 19th century by Joesph Jacobs.
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What did Joesph Jacbobs find when he tested his digit span?
9.3 numbers were remembered and 7.3 letters were remembered.
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Why are numbers easier to remember?
Because there are only 9 letters, there are 26 letters.
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Evaluate Joesph Jacobs study.
Recall of numbers increased steadily with age: 8 year olds remembered 6.6, 19 year olds 8.6. This might be because of increased brain capacity and/or strategies to improve memory.
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What did George Millar find?
The span of short-term memory is 7+-2. He tested with dots, musical notes, digits, letters and words and found people can recall 5 words as easily as 5 letters if they chunk.
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What did Simon find?
The size of the chunk affects how many you can remember, and people couldn't remember 8 word phrases as easily as 1 syllable.
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What study can be used to evaluate Simon's study?
Cowan's.
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What did Cowan find?
Short-term memory can hold about 4 chunks.
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What did Vogel et al. find?
Visual information capacity was about 4 chunks.
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What did Baddeley find?
If the initial letters of a postcode made up something meaningful it made it easier to remember, and numbers were best remembered if they were placed between the city name and random letters.
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What did Baddeley study in 1966 and how did he do this?
He tested the effect of acoustic and semantic information on short-term and long-term memory. He gave participants words that were acoustically similar or dissimilar and words that were semantically similar or dissimilar.
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What did Baddeley find after his study in 1966?
Short-term memory worked better with semantic words whereas long-term memory worked with acoustic words.
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Evaluate Baddeley's study in 1966.
Short-term memory generally relies on acoustic coding.
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What did Brandimote et al. find?
Visual codes are also used in short-term memory because if participants were given visual tasks and were prevented from doing verbal rehearsal they couldn't turn them into verbal code so they were lost.
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What did Wikens et al. find?
Short-term memory sometimes uses semantic coding.
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What did Frost find?
Long-term memory is not exclusively semantic and it is related to visual coding.
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What did Nelson and Rothbart find?
Evidence of acoustic encoding in long-term memory.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What did Joesph Jacbobs find when he tested his digit span?
Back
9.3 numbers were remembered and 7.3 letters were remembered.
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