a lot of the hunts in Germany within what kind of regions?
Catholic regions
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what did people fear during the witch-hunts?
that their closes neighbours or friends were witches, that their community could be capable of diabolical power and harm, and that they would be falsely accused
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How did fear increase accusations?
Accusing others diverted suspicions away from the accuser.
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How did most hunts end and what does this teach us?
hunts mostly ended when judges or government officials became sceptical of the process. Suspicions also arose when a higher percentage of wealthy/powerful individuals were named. This teaches us that the wealthy had the power.
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How did ordinary people hold power in ending hunts?
sometimes popular pressure served as the main stimulus to ending the witch-hunt
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What was the geographical situation of Germany during the hunts?
Large parts of Germany lay within the Holy Roman Empire and there were more than 2000 territories with independent jurisdictions within the Empire's boundaries. Most witch-hunting occurred in the south and west of Germany
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what was the Carolina?
a legal code for the Empire, but there was no effective mechanisms for enforcing it
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although they could ignore imperial supervision, territories were required to consult with who in witchcraft cases?
the law faculty of neighbouring universities
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why did they have do consult with the law faculty of neighbouring universities?
this was to help local judges deal with the complexities of procedure in an area of the law with which they were likely to be unfamiliar
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Instead of leading to a restraint in witchcraft, consulting neighbouring universities' law faculties had the opposite effect. why?
universities were the centres for spreading demonological theories and so helped spread diabolical ideas to magistrates
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define diabolism
Devil Worship
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How did economic conditions in the HRE affect witch-hunts?
locals blamed the unseasonal weather on the Devil and his agents and the climate remained unfavourable for several years
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How did counter-reformation zeal in the HRE affect witch-hunts?
not all catholic states persecuted witches and some burned far fewer than their protestant neighbours. However, the most terrible persecutions were conducted by Catholic prince-bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries)
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How did the 30 Years' War affect witch-hunts in the HRE?
It caused massive devastation of entire regions as various armies funded themselves by looting. It caused serious loss of life as soldiers died and also spread disease as they marched across Germany. People wanted to look for scapegoats.
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Why were people in power often important?
hunts lasted as long as they were in power.
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what was the role of witch-commissioners?
These were a new type of judge employed to co-ordinate the persecution of witches. They had minimal outside interference and combined torture and denunciations (public condemnation of someone) to great effect
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how were strong governments in developed secular states able to prevent large-scale witch-hunts?
they were more sceptical of witches and held a stronger grip on the lower courts. They still suffered from economic and climatic disasters but the government avoided the execution of witches.
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what was the Malleus Maleficarum?
a book by Heinrich Kramer that provided a guide for hunting witches. It was the second most popular book behind the Bible.
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what were inquisitors?
men who worked to preserve the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church by the means of formally organised persecution to get confession and new leads out of people.
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how did chain-reactions cause large hunts?
witches would provide names of accomplices giving a potentially never-ending hunt. They only stopped when accusations rose to higher people of wealth or power who would then become sceptical and stop it.
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What was the Hermetica?
a collection of treatises on philosophy, astrology, magic and other occult arts.
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What was the Thirty Years' War?
this was a war from 1618-1648 which was originally a religious war between Catholics and Protestants but became a power struggle between France and Spain. Germany was at the centre of the war.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what did people fear during the witch-hunts?
Back
that their closes neighbours or friends were witches, that their community could be capable of diabolical power and harm, and that they would be falsely accused
Card 3
Front
How did fear increase accusations?
Back
Card 4
Front
How did most hunts end and what does this teach us?
Back
Card 5
Front
How did ordinary people hold power in ending hunts?
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