The Third Crusade

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when was the third crusade?
1189-1192
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How did Amalric become king of Jerusalem?
the previous king of Jerusalem, Baldwin III, died suddenly in 1163. with no heir to his throne, the crown was passed onto his younger brother Amalric I
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where did Amalric think should be the primary goal of the expansion of the kingdom?
Egypt
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why did Amalric I want to take Egypt?
fertile land, wealthy and could support the crusade on future campaigns, had a main port in the Mediterranean that would further secure the fleet of boats supplying the crusaders
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when did Amalric attack Egypt?
1160s
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What did Nur ad-Din do as a result?
he was alarmed by Christian forces possibly taking Egypt so captured Harim in Syria and Banyas in Jerusalem
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who died in 1174?
Nur ad-Din and Amalric
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how did Saladin rise to power?
he used jihad to enhance his position
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how did Amalric I's death cause political instability?
confusion over who would succeed after him as King of Jerusalem
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What skills did Saladin have?
not much military skills - he had skill in diplomacy and negotiation
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Why did Saladin have to deal with resistance from Aleppo?
this is where Nur ad-Din's family dominated
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Who was Baldwin IV?
a leper, son of Baldwin III. became king of Jerusalem once he came of age (Raymond of Tripoli was his regent after his dad died and before he was old enough)
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why was it vital for Sibylla to find a husband?
she was Baldwin IV's sister and his illness was getting considerably worse (heir needed)
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Why could Sibylla not be regent when Baldwin IV fell ill again?
she was pregnant due to marrying William, the son of Count Montferrat (William had died a year after the wedding)
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who became regent instead for Baldwin IV and what was his aims?
Reynold of Chatillon - hoped to invade Egypt with the Byzantines and Phillip of Flanders
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why did they not attack Egypt?
there were disputes over who would rule Egypt and the expedition fell apart
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why was there instability in the Byzantine empire?
Manuel I died in 1180, leaving his 11 year old son - his mother was to be regent
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why did Raymond of Tripoli want Sibylla to remarry
she had a son with William whom she named Baldwin. William had died a year after the wedding and it was thought Sibylla should remarry to provide a spare heir as her brother Baldwin IV could not produce any of his own (he was a leper)
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who does Sibylla marry from the options given by Raymond of Tripoli after her previous husband she chose, William Longsword, died?
Guy de Lusignan
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Why did Raymond of Tripoli replace Guy as regent for Baldwin IV?
Guy showed himself to be weak in the confrontations with Saladin whilst he was regent - Raymond took over and oversaw a period of stability
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why does Sibylla kill her own son?
she commits matricide after she discovers that her son is also a leper like Baldwin IV
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Following the death of Baldwin IV and then the matricide of Baldwin V, Raymond moved quickly to stabilise the kingdom - how did he try to do this?
told Sibylla that as long as she divorce Guy, he would support whomever she chose to become King
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Who does Sibylla choose as her husband?
Guy de Lusignan
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when was the Battle of Hattin?
1187 (July)
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who led the crusader army at the battle of Hattin?
Guy de Lusignan
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How did the battle of Hattin start?
Saladin besieges the fortress of Tiberius knowing the crusaders would be forced to try to rescue it
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at the battle of Hattin, what did the crusaders walk into?
a trap (Saladin surrounded the crusaders and lit grass fires. The smoke added to their thirst as the wells were dried up due to Saladin filling them up to stop access to water, drums were also beaten during the night to keep them awake))
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Who did Saladin let escape?
Raymond III of Tripoli
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In what way does Guy make a gamble?
retreats with his forces to the horns of Hattin where he orders a charge downhill and Saladin is taken off-guard
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Is Guy successful? who else is affected by his move?
he does not reach Saladin and the Muslim forces win. Muslims capture Guy, Reynald and many nobles, Templars and Hospitallers
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How were Guy and Reynald treated by Saladin?
Guy was treated with respect and given water, Reynald was seen as an enemy and so Saladin cut off his head
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how were the military orders and nobles treated by Saladin?
military orders executed, Nobles sold into slavery
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where is the true cross at this point?
Saladin has captured the true cross
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Why was it easy for Saladin to now capture Jerusalem?
the battle of Hattin had reduced the crusader states to just Jerusalem and Tyre, Jerusalem is nearly undefended with Guy having thrown everything into the battle of Hattin
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How does Saladin siege Jerusalem?
he offers generous terms if Christians surrendered without fight. He collapsed the wall by tunnelling under it, allowing them in.
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How was Saladin's siege of Jerusalem peaceful?
he killed no innocents, treated noble women well and had abided by his oaths
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who hears of the siege of Jerusalem and what is the response?
The pope hears of the news, dies of a heart attack (supposedly at the shock) and the next pope, Pope Gregory VIII launches the third crusade
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what is the name of the papal bull?
Audita Tremendi
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give 6 reasons for people joining the third crusade
the fall of Jerusalem, The Audita Tremendi, local churchmen spreading the need to go, monarchs increased the popularity, stories from returning crusaders, rising Islamic threat
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who were the three leaders of the third crusade?
King Richard I of England, King Phillip II of France and Frederick I Barbarossa (Holy Roman Emperor)
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what route did each person take?
Frederick I Barbarossa travelled on land (similar route to those on first and second crusade) and Phillip and Richard both went by sea
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How did Frederick I Barbarossa die and what impact did it have?
he drowned on the journey to the crusade - his army scattered, many were hit by disease and died also, others went home, only a small amount of troops reach the city of Acre
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who was a reluctant crusader?
King Phillip of France
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where does Richard stop at on the way to crusade? why was it helpful that he took it?
Cyprus - the conquest was useful in the long term as it gave them a base from which they could advance and retreat to
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in 1191, the kingdom of Jerusalem was reduced to the single city of what?
Tyre
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in 1189, Guy de Lusignan is released by Saladin - where does he want to capture and why?
Acre - he expects Tyre to be handed over to him by Conrad of Montferrat but he refuses so Guy starts the siege on Acre to improve his credentials.
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Who arrives at Acre first and what do they do when they get there?
Richard arrives at Acre first and helps Guy who was struggling to hold of Muslims, Phillip then arrives but makes little difference
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What's the result of the siege of Acre?
the Muslims are forced to surrender, Muslims return heavy ransoms for their lives, return Frankish prisoners and the true cross.
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why did King Phillip II of France leave after the siege of Acre?
the situation in northern France was unstable, Richard had lied to him that his son and heir had died
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where does Richard then lead his army to?
the city of Jaffa
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What happens at the battle of Arsuf?
Richard's army wait for the right time to charge while Saladin's army move forward, fire at them, and then retreat back (again and again). after a day the Hospitallers break ranks and charge forcing Richard to order a general charge. Crusaders win
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Why does Richard then take Ascalon instead of going straight to take Jerusalem?
wants to make sure once Jerusalem that it can be held
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how many times dose Richard march on Jerusalem and fail?
twice
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Saladin then tries to besiege Jaffa - how does Richard stop him?
conducts a beach assault and drives Saladin back. He defeats Saladin forcing him to the negotiation table where they form a final treaty for the crusade
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What is the treaty formed called and how long will it stand for?
the treaty of Jaffa - 3 year truce
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what are the three main terms under this treaty?
the crusaders will retain control of Jaffa, Acre and Tyre, The Muslims will yield Ascalon, and Christian pilgrims are allowed to visit Jerusalem freely
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what year is the treaty of Jaffa made?
1192
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How did Amalric become king of Jerusalem?

Back

the previous king of Jerusalem, Baldwin III, died suddenly in 1163. with no heir to his throne, the crown was passed onto his younger brother Amalric I

Card 3

Front

where did Amalric think should be the primary goal of the expansion of the kingdom?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

why did Amalric I want to take Egypt?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

when did Amalric attack Egypt?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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