The study of Consciousness

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Who was Brentano?
He obtained a doctorate in philosophy in 1862 from the University of Tubingen and two years later was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest
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What happened when he left the church?
He became a professor at the University of Vienna
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What did he argue?
what is in the mind is less important that what the mind does
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What three key mental activities did the 'Act psychology' focus on?
Recall:remembering or having an idea of an object, Judging: affirming or denying the object, feeling: developing an attitude to the object
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What is the mind ordered in?
Behaviour because the world is not because of the weight of associations or the imposition of the structure by the mind
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What did Gestalt psychology do?
Critiqued the way of ideas philosopohy
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What was the first hypothesis?
The bundle hypothesis
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What is the bundle hypothesis?
The objects of consciousness are made up of fixed, atomic elements
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What is the constancy hypothesis?
Each conscious sensory object corresponds directly to a physical stimulus impact on a sensory organ
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What was Wertheimer's famous study of?
The pi phenomenon (Apparent motion)
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Those who followed the way of ideas describe as?
An illusion or an error of consciousness
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What did the Gestalt psychologists argue?
That indeed the motion was real as real as any other motion, but it did not correspond to a moving physical stimulus
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What laws did Gestalt psyhologists develop?
Principles of conscious experience, the law of similarity, the law of Pragnanz
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Freud?
He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, published original and pioneering work on nerve cells and continued to work scientifically
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What did Freud see that only women suffered from?
The paralysis, hallucinations, loss of speech, etc. associated with hysteria
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What was it said to have been caused by
Irritation of the female sexual organs, mere play acting
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What did Breuer say about Anna O?
Each symptom disappeared when its source was identified through recollection, these sources were commonly unpleasant events
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What did Freud write?
A paper on male hysteria
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What do hysterics suffer from?
traumatic, painful or unpalatable memories, such memories can pathogenic: the mental can cause the physical
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What can happen in the unconscious?
These memories (which you are unaware of) in the unconscious shape behaviour They are unconscious due the action of repressive, unconscious mechanisms It is the negative emotional content of these memories that causes the problems
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What is Abreaction?
The process by which repressed memories emotional force is released. The goal of the therapeutic process is to release this negative energy through the reliving of the traumatic event.
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What did Freud propose?
The seduction theory of hysteria, repressed memories are usually associated with some kind of presexual sexual trauma, The reactive nature of the repressed memory is delayed until after puberty
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why was this theory was retracted?
Therapeutic failure The implausible frequency of child sexual abuse (usually by the father) The unconscious does not know the difference between reality and phantasy (the mind is saying some sexual abuse is phantasy)
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What do some historians believe about Freud?
Patients were persuaded by Freud himself of the early sexual abuse
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All dreams represent what?
The fulfilment of wishes
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What are dreams?
Partial expressions of the wish
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What is the latent content?
Is only allowed to appear if it is disguished as manifest content
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What is the manifest content?
Expresses the latent content of the dream though
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What are dreams evidence of?
unconscious through the way that they operate
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What is the Oedipus complex?
the male child egiostically desires exclusive loving access to the mother, the father obstructs this, child desires death of father
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What is the Electra complex?
Penis envy, the girl learns that the mother has been castrated and rejects her mothers powerlessness, the girls transfers her sexual desire to the father
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What is the Id?
Present at birth and follows the ‘pleasure principle’ Primitive reservoir of undifferentiated energy and derived from the instincts (e.g. sex, hunger, thirst) It is ‘polymorphously perverse’
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What is Ego ?
Functions according to the ‘reality principle’ Develops as a function of the id’s inability to function efficaciously in the external world Operates at three levels: unconscious, preconscious, and conscious Find ways to get what the person wants
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What is the super ego?
The moral component of mind Incorporates both parental and societal strictures about correct behaviour Controls the ego through reward and punishment
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For Freud, a small part of the mind is conscious, the real is the unconscious mind, what is an issue?
driven by an unconscious desire that the superego tells us that we shouldn’t do. However, the ego tells us to do it to pleasure the id.
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What are Parapaxes?
Slip of action, slip of the tongue, slip of writings
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What is the method?
free association (name hood effects, words are similar to eachother, The analysis of dream symbols
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What happened when he left the church?

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He became a professor at the University of Vienna

Card 3

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What did he argue?

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Card 4

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What three key mental activities did the 'Act psychology' focus on?

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Card 5

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What is the mind ordered in?

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