Control of the people

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  • Created by: tgrev
  • Created on: 02-05-17 18:49
Initial disagreement between Lunacharsky and Lenin
Lun said art should reflect proletarian culture, Lenin believed they should learn from bourgeois culture
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Why did Lunacharksy promote proletarian art
New culture should be dominated by the proletariat reflecting their concerns, he believed prol culture would be different to boug cult and would focus on collective nature, where bourg was individualistic
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How did Luna promote proletarian art
He supported the Proletkult which was established prior to the Oct rev, where people had access to resources to create art. By 1920 there were 84,000 members, Bukharin was the champion and used it to promote propaganda in civ war
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Why was Lenin critical of Luna
He believed that the best culture was universal, and that it reflected human nature rather then class. He also believed teh Proletkult was encouraging futurism, his least favourite art type as it was degenerate and not understandable by the people
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How and why was proletkult disolved
Lenin wanted to close the org as he believed it was a danger to the rev as it was dominated by socialists associated with anarchism, he sent reps to the national congress of proletkult oct 1920 where a vote was taken to merge it with education.
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What was Agitprop
The department of Agitation and propaganda, an department designed to create propaganda that had been running since the revoltion. Often produced in an avant garde manner, too experimental for lenin
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How and why did the govt collab with avant-garde artists
In order to create support for the regime. El Lissitzksy created "Beat the whites with the red wedge" 1918 is a famous example encouraged support for the red army
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How was rev photography avant-garde
Rodchenko used techniques such as photo-montage to make posters that celebrated the revolution, a founder of constructivism which sought to produce art with a clear purpose.
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How was rev cinema used
Lenin believed it was the most important art form of the 20th century, Vertiv and Eisentein created film that supported the regime
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Who was Vertov
Cinematographer who rejected western ideas and preferred cinema of fact. He used experimental effects such as mirroring footage and alterign speed. Described by pravda as puzzling
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Who was Eisentein
Cinematographer who used western ideas such as scripts actors etc to create experimentational film with a revolutionary message. Criticised as work couldnt be understood by peasants
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What was art like under the Nep
During the Civ war loose control, avant garde flourished, end of civ war tight control, proletkult dissolved, avant garde less influential as not understood by peasants. New western "flapper fashion" became popular with jazz
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What is socialist realism
Art that contained a true reflection of reality and aimed to participate in building socialism, subject matter of factories etc, 1924 novel "cement", ballet celebrated industrialisation and more traditional told easy to understand stories
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What was artistic production like under Stalin
Artists set quotas, art celebrated collectivisation, painting "Voting to Expel the Kulak from the collective farm", art depicts landscape changed by indust or collect, sculpture focused on socialism, music more traditional and heroic, accesible
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How much room for dissenting artists
Little room, one form of dissent was to celebrate lenin rather then Stalin. 1934 film "three songs about lenin" barely mentioned stalin
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What was K like with art
He wanted to form an alliance between party and intellectuals. Increased investment in Uni's, soviet intelligentsia fastly growing, intellectuals would understand comm benefits. His policies lurched between desire to increased freedom and reduced
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When was the 1st thaw
1953-54 following stalin's death, govt authorised a series of novels which acknowledged differences between stalinist gen and new gen. Novel "the thaw" was critical of stalinism such as mass terror
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When was the 2nd thaw
1956-57 following secret speech, another period of liberalisation. novel "Not by bread alone" critical of stalin period
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When was the 3rd thaw
1961-62, following the vote to remove stalin's body from red square, a number of novels published that were critical of stalin. "one day in the life of Ivan denisovich" tells the story of gulag prisoner
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Why were there freezes post thaw
Amount of freedom went beyond govt comfort, Doctor Zhivago critical of lenin and unacceptable. Banned until 1980. K called work of Neizvestny dog ****
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How did art challenge non-conformity
Popular oversight made fun of the lazy and comically depicted bad workers in a negative light "The Alcoholc" depicts a man in a pool of his own vomit. Citizens encouraged to intervene with helpful morale advice rather then reporting to the police.
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How were "style hunters" disciplined
At the world youth festival 1957, party members shaved the heads of young women who had sex with foreigners and sent them to the virgin land scheme, female desire considered unnatural , econ panners wanted to control women in a time of increasing gd
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How were deviant artists disciplined
Samizdat (self published) magazines were published to the banned arts to circulate the black market/accessible. Artist who refused to submit to govt were sent for psychiatric revaluation
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What was art and culture like under Brez
Art became nostalgic to revive faith in regime. led to exceptional ballet, bolshoi ballet huge source of pride
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What 3 groups of intellectuals were ther under B
1. Obedient functionaires would work for the govt without question 2. Loyal opportunists who would express criticism through official channels to improve the system 3. Dissidents, publicly dissaproving
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What was the the Synavskey-Daniel trial
Essentially a show trial in 1966 of two authors who had considerably freedom under K, both arrested and sent to gulags, revived fear of stalinist revival
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What was the impact of international pressure
Led to a change in approach to dissident, show trials became rare, well known dissidents allowed to emigrate , lesser known had psychiatric reevaluement
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What was the impact of the Prague Spring
spring of 1968 led to a hardening of B attitude to art and culture, czechoslovakia tried to create humane comm, but lead to pressure to break away from the USSR. The spring confirmed view of cult liberalisation being a danger, increasing confrom pres
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How did the new govt initially establish control of the press
Decree of Press 1917 gave the govt authority to close down any CR newspaper, created state monopoly of adverts-> higher circulation of Pravda
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What was Lenin's cult initally like
Described in religious terms after surviving an assassination attempt, depicted as humane with the workers cap, L disproved
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How did Stalin alter the media
History rewritten to remove hints of his contenders, forbidden to report on natural disaster, accidents to indicate USSR is good
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How did consumer magazines promote pluralism under B and K
They expressed dissent rather then praise the soviet union, the Woman Worker attacked gender inequality
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What was the purpose of Stalin's cult
Emphasised his legitimacy (myth of 2 leaders Shegal's "Leader Teacher, Friend" shows Stalin infront of Lenin), created a figure thats trustworthy, Vozhd no limit to power, Generalissimo WW2
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What was K's Cult like
Depicted Lenin as fun, approachable, family man and that he lived through K, try to move away from terror, K was WW2 hero, respected statesman, the great reformer
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What was the Cult of B like
Adopted to consolidate position and regime, B=Leninst, military hero, man of the people, inspired cynicism no respect
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Why was Lenin suspicious of orthodox church
It could organise opposition as its an independent body, religion stood for values that opposed comm, ally of the Tsar
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How did Lenin initially attack the church
Decree of Land, Decree Concerning Seperation of Church and State, lost privilege position
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2 examples of lenin's attack on church
Metropolitan Vladimir tortured and shot in Kiev 1918, Orthodox priests massacred following decree excommunicating bolsheviks
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How and why did Lenin attack Islam
They encouraged "crimes based on custom" and infringed on womens rights, mosques were closed, campaign against women wearing the Chador, attacked shrines
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Why did Stalin intially attack the church
During collectivisation drive closed churches because they were aiding resistance to his policies, attacked muslim groups, yet sufi survived and thrived in Kazach
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Stalins policy to religion in war
Pragmatic alliance to inspire hope for those fighting, anti war prop ceased Bezbozhinik closed, Metropolitan Sergey had an official residence in Moscow, priesthood expanded to 11,827 in 1948
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What was Khrushchevs policy to religion
Anti, reopened churches were closed, anti religious prop introduced, Roman catholic monasteries closed in 1959. Gagarin found no god in the heavens
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Brezhnev attitude toward religion
Advocated spreading Aetheism rather than attacking religion, scientific institution of atheism 1968, supported anti american muslim groups "progressive and revolutionary creed"
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What was the Chekas role from 1917 to 21
Requisition grain, close opposition newspapers, tortured/executed opponents, ensured discipline of the red army, stopped private trading
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Terror under Yezhov,
new agents recruited who had no ideological opposition to terror, quota for arrests execution and deportations
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Terror under Beria in war
Odered deportation of 460,000 Chechens, thsoe who didnt move were burnt alive, 170,000 dead
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Terror under Beria after war
Deported all men captured by the germans to siberia, Leningrad affair,
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Andropov and discipline in the KGB
Agents forced to declare financial assets, agents whio had law breaking relatives were sacked
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Andropovs 2 methods for dealing with dissidents
1. Emigration 2.Repressive psychiatry
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why did Lunacharksy promote proletarian art

Back

New culture should be dominated by the proletariat reflecting their concerns, he believed prol culture would be different to boug cult and would focus on collective nature, where bourg was individualistic

Card 3

Front

How did Luna promote proletarian art

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why was Lenin critical of Luna

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How and why was proletkult disolved

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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