The Skeletal System
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- Created by: Jade
- Created on: 30-12-20 11:45
What is the skeletal system and what does it consist of?
The skeletal system is the internal frame of the body and includes bones, cartilages, and joints.
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What is the skeleton essential for?
The skeleton is essential for protecting organs, producing blood cells, storing essential minerals, and anchoring skeletal muscles so that their contractions cause body movements.
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What are the two parts of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton - the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body.
Appendicular skeleton - the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Appendicular skeleton - the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.
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What are the functions of the bones?
Support
Protection
Allow movement (act as levers)
Storage (for minerals)
Blood cell formation
Protection
Allow movement (act as levers)
Storage (for minerals)
Blood cell formation
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What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone - dense; looks smooth and homogeneous
Spongy bone - has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
Spongy bone - has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge
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What are the four classifications of bones on the basis of shape?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Short
Flat
Irregular
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Give a brief explanation and examples of long bones
They have a shaft with enlarged ends.
Mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends.
Most bones of the limbs are long bones.
Mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the ends.
Most bones of the limbs are long bones.
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Give a brief explanation and examples of flat bones
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved.
They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum are flat bones.
They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum are flat bones.
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Give a brief explanation and examples of short bones
Short bones are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.
The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones.
The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones.
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Give a brief explanation and examples of irregular bones
Bones that do not fit one of the other categories are called irregular bones .
The vertebrae fall into this group; like short bones, they are mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.
The vertebrae fall into this group; like short bones, they are mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone.
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Briefly describe the gross anatomy of a long bone
A long bone is composed of a shaft (diaphysis) with two ends (epiphyses).
The shaft is compact bone; its cavity contains yellow marrow.
The epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage; they contain spongy bone (where red marrow is found).
The shaft is compact bone; its cavity contains yellow marrow.
The epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage; they contain spongy bone (where red marrow is found).
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What is periosteum?
The fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis.
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What covers the external surface of epiphyses?
Articular cartilage
It provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint when covered by lubricating fluid.
It provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint when covered by lubricating fluid.
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What two supportive tissues form the skeleton?
Bone
Cartilage
Cartilage
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What are the two major phases of bone formation (ossification)?
1) The hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by bone-building cells (osteoblasts).
2) The hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone, and the center is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone.
2) The hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone, and the center is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone.
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Changes in what two factors cause the remodelling of bones?
1) The calcium ion level in the blood
2) The pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
2) The pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
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What occurs when the blood calcium ion level drops below its homeostatic level?
Parathyroid glands are stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood.
PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
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What occurs when the blood calcium ion level is too high?
Calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts by osteoblasts.
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How is a fracture treated?
Closed reduction - the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician’s hands.
Open reduction - surgery is performed, and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires.
Open reduction - surgery is performed, and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires.
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What are the four major events involved in the repair of bone fractures?
1) A hematoma forms (bruise)
2) A fibrocartilage callus forms (acts as a splint)
3) A bony callus forms (made of spongy bone)
4) Bone remodeling occurs
2) A fibrocartilage callus forms (acts as a splint)
3) A bony callus forms (made of spongy bone)
4) Bone remodeling occurs
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What are the three parts of the Axial Skeleton?
Skull
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage
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What two sets of bones form the skull?
The cranium - encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue.
The facial bones - form a cradle for the eyes, and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles or frowns.
The facial bones - form a cradle for the eyes, and allow the facial muscles to show our feelings through smiles or frowns.
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What is the cranium composed of?
- Frontal Bone -
- Parietal Bones -
- Temporal Bones -
- Occipital Bone -
- Sphenoid Bone -
- Ethmoid Bone -
- Parietal Bones -
- Temporal Bones -
- Occipital Bone -
- Sphenoid Bone -
- Ethmoid Bone -
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What does the frontal bone form?
The forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows and the superior part of each eyes orbit.
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What do parietal bones form?
The paired parietal bones form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium.
The sagittal suture is formed at the midline where the two parietal bones meet
The coronal suture is formed where the paired parietal bones meet the frontal bone.
The sagittal suture is formed at the midline where the two parietal bones meet
The coronal suture is formed where the paired parietal bones meet the frontal bone.
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Where do temporal bones form?
The temporal bones lie inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures.
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Where does occipital bone form?
The occipital bone is the most posterior bone of the cranium.
It forms the base and back wall of the skull.
It forms the base and back wall of the skull.
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Where does sphenoid bone form?
Spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity.
In the midline of the sphenoid is the sella turcica which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.
In the midline of the sphenoid is the sella turcica which forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.
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Where does the ethmoid bone form?
It forms the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the medial walls of the orbits.
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What are the 14 facial bones?
Maxillae, zygomatics, palatines, nasals, lacrimals, and inferior nasal conchae - paired
Vomer and mandible - single
Vomer and mandible - single
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What does the vertebral column (spine) consist of?
24 vertebrae (7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae)
The sacrum
The coccyx
The sacrum
The coccyx
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What are the components of the thoracic cage?
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
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What is the difference between false ribs and true ribs?
True ribs attach directly to the sternum.
False ribs either attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all.
False ribs either attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all.
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Define joints and describe their functions
Joints are the sites where two or more bones meet.
They hold bones together and allow movement of the skeleton.
They hold bones together and allow movement of the skeleton.
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What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (freely movable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses (freely movable)
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What are the structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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What are fibrous joints?
Fibrous joints are connected by dense, tough connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.
These fixed or immovable joints are typically interlocked with irregular edges.
These fixed or immovable joints are typically interlocked with irregular edges.
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Give an example of a fibrous joint
The sutures of the skull.
In sutures, the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound tightly together by connective tissue fibers, allowing no movement.
In sutures, the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound tightly together by connective tissue fibers, allowing no movement.
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What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Sutures - found in the skull
Gomphoses - found where the teeth meet the facial bones
Syndesmoses - found between long bones of the body.
Gomphoses - found where the teeth meet the facial bones
Syndesmoses - found between long bones of the body.
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What are cartilaginous joints?
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage.
These joints generally allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints.
These joints generally allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints.
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What are the two varieties of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses - immoveable (synarthrotic) joints linked by hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses - amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage.
Symphyses - amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage.
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What are synovial joints?
A synovial joint is a connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid.
All synovial joints are diarthrosis joints.
All joints of the limbs are synovial joints.
All synovial joints are diarthrosis joints.
All joints of the limbs are synovial joints.
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What are the four distinguishing features of synovial joints?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the skeleton essential for?
Back
The skeleton is essential for protecting organs, producing blood cells, storing essential minerals, and anchoring skeletal muscles so that their contractions cause body movements.
Card 3
Front
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the functions of the bones?
Back
Card 5
Front
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Back
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