The Second Reich

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What year was the Zabern Affair?
1913
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Before 1871 what was Germany like?
A group of separate states
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Who unified Germany?
Bismarck
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When was Germany unified?
1871
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What event unified Germany?
The joint victory in the war against France
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Who was the first Kaiser of Germany?
Wilhelm I
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Name two German states that allied in the war against France
Prussia and Bavaria
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What army did the Prussians lead in the war against France?
The North German Confederation
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What was the North German Confederation?
A group of states that were independent in government but whose armies were controlled by the King of Prussia.
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What year did the Germans win the war against France?
1871
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On whose terms was the unification of the German states?
Prussia's
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What was the new constitution similar to?
The constitution of the North German Confederation
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Who authored the constitution?
Otto Von Bismarck
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Why was Bismarck hired by Wilhelm I?
To allow him to pass his advanced conscription laws
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What was the main aim of the constitution?
To preserve the powers of the elite
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Who was Germany's first chancellor?
Otto Von Bismarck
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Of what political standing was Bismarck?
Neo-conservative
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What dates was Bismarck President of Prussia?
1862-1890
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What dates was Bismarck Chancellor of Germany?
1871-1890`
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What country did Germany base its political chambers on?
Britain
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Who was the head of state?
The kaiser
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For who did the new constitution secure power for?
The elites- landowners, kaiser, chancellor and army
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How did the kaiser come to power?
Through hereditary means
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What main power did the kaiser have over government?
He could dissolve the reichstag
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Who was in charge of foreign policy?
The kaiser
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Who did the kaiser appoint and dismiss?
The chancellor and other important ministers
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Were ministers and the chancellors dependent on the reichstag for power?
No
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Who proposed new laws?
Ministers
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What were the two chambers of the German parliament?
The reichstag and the bunderstrat
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How were deputies to the reichstag elected?
Through universal male suffrage
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What power did the reichstag have?
To pass or reject laws proposed by ministers
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Name all of the German political parties at the time
The conservatives, progressives, national liberals, centre and SPD
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Who could vote in Germany?
Men over 25
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How frequent were elections?
Every three years
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Did German people have codified rights?
No
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What type of structure was Germany?
Federal
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What is beneficial about male suffrage?
Representative (of the time)
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What is good about a federal structure?
Inclusive
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What was theoretically good about the reichstag?
Democratic
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Could the reichstag create legislature?
No
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Was the chancellor tied to the reichstag?
No he was independent
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Who had the power over budget and taxation?
The reichstag
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Who was the chancellor dependent on?
The kaiser
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How many votes were needed in the bundersrat to veto the reichstag?
14
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How many votes in the bundersrat did Prussia have?
17
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What kind of a voting system did Prussia have?
A three tier voting system
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What was Prussia's three tier voting system based on?
Wealth
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What did this mean?
That the wealthiest had the most votes
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When was Kaiser Wilhelm II born?
1859
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Who was Wilhem II's grandfather?
Wilhelm I
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Who was Wilhelm II's father?
Frederick III
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How long did Kaiser Wilhelm's father reign for?
3 months
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How old was Kaiser Wilhelm II when he came to power?
Twenty nine
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Who did Kaiser Wilhelm II admire?
Bismarck
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What was the "divine right of kings"?
The idea that kings were chosen by God to rule
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When did Bismarck resign?
1890
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Why did Bismarck resign?
Kaiser Wilhelm forced him into it
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How did historian John Rohl describe Wilhelm II's rule?
That he had established a personal rule
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Who did Wilhelm fill his court with?
Supporters
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Who was Prince Philip of Eulenburg?
The kaiser's best friend who had immense power over him
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What was Prince Philip of Eulenburg responsible for in 1900?
Bulow's appointment as chancellor
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What did chancellors literally do?
Lead government on behalf of the Kaiser
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What were chancellors expected to do?
Manipulate the reichstag, be loyal to the kaiser, prevent social/political reform, expand Germany's power and protect the power of Prussia
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When did Bulow govern from and to?
1900-1909
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What position did Bulow hold before becoming chancellor?
Foreign minister
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What kind of a relationship did Bulow have with the Kaiser?
A courtier-like relationship
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How did Bulow treat the Reichstag?
He manipulated it
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When did Bulow resign?
1909
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Why did Bulow resign?
He lost the loyalty of the kaiser after forcing him to apologise to the reichstag after a newspaper interview
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When was Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg chancellor from and to?
1909-1917
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What was Hollweg known for?
Being blunt and honest but efficient
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What was Bethmann Hollweg's fault?
Knew nothing about the military which was disastrous after 1914
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What did the ruling classes want for the empire?
For it to be built to rival Britain's
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What did the liberal parties want a focus on?
Social reform
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What did the German colonial officials do in 1904?
Exterminated the African Herero people after an uprising
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What did the liberals do in reaction to this?
They were outraged and pushed for the army and colonies to come under Reichstag control and for greater control over colonial finances
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What did chancellor Bulow propose in 1906?
A law to increase colonial finances
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What did the two main liberal parties do in response to Bulow's proposition of increasing colonial finaces?
Joined together to reject it
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What was Bismarck known as?
The Iron Chancellor
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Could the Reichstag formulate policy?
No
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Which source of power held the power of the purse in Germany's government?
The Reichstag
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How did the Kaiser respond to the two major liberal party's opposition to Bulow's proposed legislation to increase colonial finances?
He dissolved the Reichstag
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What is the election of 1907 referred to as?
The Hottentot Election
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What happened in the Hottentot Election?
Bulow created his 'Bulow's Bloc' which was an alliance of conservative parties to combat the liberals
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What was the result of the Hottentot Election?
The conservatives won the election
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What tactic did Bulow use in the Hottentot Election?
He scared the German voters by suggesting that a liberal victory would lead to a socialist revolution
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What caused the Daily Telegraph Affair?
The Kaiser gave an interview with the Daily Telegraph where he expressed the desire for a closer relationship with Britain
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When was the Daily Telegraph Affair?
1908
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What happened in the Daily Telegraph Affair?
The Reichstag objected to the interview which the Kaiser gave to the Daily Telegraph in 1908 and criticised him for making a statement on foreign policy without consultation
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How did the Daily Telegraph Affair finish?
Bulow secured a promise from the Kaiser that he wouldn't do so again and the Kaiser apologised to the Reichstag
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What happened to Bulow after the Daily Telegraph Affair?
He lost the trust of the Kaiser and was forced to resign after his budget was rejected in 1909
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Where is Zabern?
A town in Alsace
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What was the history of Zabern?
It was annexed from France in 1871
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What were the social issues in Zabern?
There was friction between remaining French residents and German soldiers
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After disturbances in Zaben in 1913 what does the army do?
Imposes a curfew on the residents
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How many people were arrested in the disturbances of 1913 in Zabern?
Twenty eight
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What happened to one disabled Frenchman in Zabern throughout the disturbances of 1913?
He was badly assaulted
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What happened to the soldier who assaulted the disabled Frenchman in Zabern?
The case against him was dismissed by military court, an action also supported by the Kaiser
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What happens in response to the case against the soldier who assaulted a disabled Frenchman in Zabern's case being thrown out?
Protests erupted across the country as the military was seen to be acting above the law
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What does the Reichstag attempt to do in response to the assault of a disabled Frenchman being thrown out by military court in Zabern?
Holds a vote of no confidence
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What does the Reichstag attempt to do in response to the assault of a disabled Frenchman being thrown out by military court in Zabern?
Holds a vote of no confidence
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What did Bethmann do in response to the vote of no confidence against him?
He chose to ignore it and refused to resign with the support of the Kaiser
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What was the vote result in the vote of no confidence in Bethmann?
293 to 54
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What was the second industrial revolution?
The boom in production of steel, chemicals, electrical and autmobiles in Germany
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In 1871 what percentage of Germany was urbanised?
Thirty six per cent
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In 1910 what percentage of Germany was urbanised?
Sixty per cent
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What were the effects of the second industrial revolution and urbanisation?
Rural poverty, poor living standards, growth of the middle class and new industrial elites
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Why did rural poverty occur in the second industrial revolution?
Depopulation of the countryside and decline of agricultural production
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Why were there poor living standards in the second industrial revolution?
Lack of housing and sanitation, growth of the working class and poor food supplies to the cities
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What percentage of Germans belonged to the working class in the Second Industrial Revolution?
Forty per cent
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What did poor living standards and the growth in the working class lead to?
The spread of socialism and rise of the SPD
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What does the mittelstand mean?
Small businesses
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Give an example of the rise of big business in Germany
The krupps munitions complex and Thyssens
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Of what political standing were the industrial elites?
Conservative
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Who did the industrial elites ally with?
The Junkers
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Who were Junkers?
Landowners and nobility
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What was sammlungspolitik?
The policy of Kaiser Wilhelm of uniting the elites to protect themselves from rebellions from below
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Who supported the Conservative party in the Second Reich?
Prussian Junkers and landowners
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What were the views of the Conservative Party?
They were loyal to the Kaiser, authoritarian, nationalist and aristocratic
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Who supported the Free Conservative Party?
Commercial and industrial elites
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What were the views of the Free Conservative's?
Similar to the Conservatives, support autocracy and protectionism
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What is protectionism?
The economic policy of restraining trade between states by introducing tariffs on imported goods etc
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Who supported the National Liberal Party?
The protestant middle classes
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What were the views of the National Liberal Party?
Conservative, nationalists, anti-Catholic and anti-socialists
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Who supported the Liberal Progressive Party?
The middle classes
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What were the views of the Liberal Progressive Party?
Wanted parliamentary reform, development of democracy, federalism and regionalism
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Who supported the Centre Party?
The Catholic Church and its members, based in Bavaria, also the non-socialist middle and working class
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What were the views of the Centre Party?
Federalism, anti-Prussian and wanted political reform
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Who supported the SPD?
Working classes
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What were the views of the SPD?
Wanted social and political reform, a more democratic system with strong welfare and had small factions of revolutionary communists
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Which three parties were Liberals in the Second Reich?
Liberal Progressives, Centre Party and SPD
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Which three parties were Conservatives in the Second Reich?
The Conservative Party, Free Conservatives and National Liberals
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What did the Conservatives want to do with the Constitution?
Preserve it
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What did the Liberals want to do to the Constitution?
Reform it
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How many seats did the SPD win in 1898?
Fifty six
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How many seats did the SPD win in the 1912 election?
One hundred and ten
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What happened in the 1912 election to the Reichstag?
A swing to the left
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Which party won the most seats in the 1898 election?
Centre Party
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Before 1912 which party traditionally won the most seats in the Reichstag?
Centre Party
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Which party won the most amount of votes in the 1903 election?
The SPD
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Did the SPD win the most amount of seats in 1903?
No
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Why was it so hard for the SPD to win the most seats despite being the party with the most votes?
Prussia's three tier voting system and unreformed German constituencies
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What was Prussia's three tier voting system?
A voting system based on wealth, working class votes counted for less so therefore the higher classes who voted for the conservative parties had more power and elected more seats
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How many seats did 400,000 tier one votes in Prussia win under the three tier voting system?
Two hundred
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How many seats did 600,000 tier three votes in Prussia win under the three tier voting system?
Six
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What did the unreformed German constituencies mean?
That rural areas with few people were able to send less deputies to the Reichstag
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What happened to the SPD's vote in 1907?
It collapsed
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Why did the SPD vote collapse in 1907?
Bulow's Bloc scared people against voting for the SPD for fear of a socialist revolution
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Who formed a majority coalition government in 1912?
The SPD and Centre Party
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What was Sammlungspolitik?
The policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm where the chancellor and conservatives worked together against socialism and to maintain conservatism
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How did the German government enable Sammlungspolitik?
They gave a small degree of social reform so that they were seen to be changing and thus gained popularity but in reality did very little else in the way of reform
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What reform did the conservatives introduce in 1899 as a part of Sammlungspolitik?
Increased old age pensions
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What reform did conservatives introduce in 1900 as a part of Sammlungspolitik?
They extended accident insurance
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What reform did the conservatives introduce in 1903 as a part of Sammlungspolitik?
They amended the sickness insurance law to make it longer and more generous
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What reform did the conservatives introduce in 1908 as a part of Sammlungspolitik?
A law to reduce the amount of factory work
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What happened to the Bulow's Bloc after his resignation in 1909?
It collapsed
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Who succeeded Bulow as chancellor?
Bethmann
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What was Bethmann's way of ensuring Sammlungspolitik?
He introduced the Imperial Insurance Code
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What was the Imperial Insurance Code?
Consolidated all previous workers insurance laws and amended and extended their provisions with certain groups ensured sickness, old age and death
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What type of reforms did Bethmann refuse to allow?
Any political reforms
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What did the refusal of Bethmann to make any political reform lead to?
The SPD's election victory in 1912
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What was the result of the SPD victory in 1912?
Political gridlock with the chancellor refusing serious reform and the SPD demanding nothing but reform
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What impact did the political gridlock after the SPD victory in 1912 have on the public?
They looked to mass movements for representation instead of parties
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Give examples of mass political movements in the Second Reich
Pressure groups, trade unions, the mittelstand, non-Prussian regions and Catholic Church
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What type of groups used pressure groups?
Conservatives and the middle classes
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What types of groups used trade unions for mass political support?
The working classes
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Give examples of pressure groups in the Second Reich
The Pan German League, The Agrarian League and The Navy League
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What were the beliefs and wishes of the Pan German League?
They believed in Sammlungspolitik, they wanted a colonial empire with a strong military and the suppression of the SPD
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How many members did the Pan German League have?
25,000
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Which groups formed the membership of the Pan German League?
Junkers and the new industrial elites
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How many members did the Agarian League have in 1900?
250,000
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Who formed the membership of the Agrarian League?
Junkers
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What were the beliefs and wants of the Agrarian League?
They wanted tariff protection and subsidies for farmers
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What political party did the Agrarian League have a great influence on?
The Conservative Party
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Which groups supported the Navy League?
Conservatives and the middle class nationalists
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In November 1900, how many members did the Navy League have?
One million
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What were the wants and beliefs of the Navy League?
Naval expansion
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What laws did the Navy League have a large role in?
The Navy Laws
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How many members did the trade unions have in 1911?
Three million
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Who were the trade unions closely allied with?
The SPD
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What were the wants and beliefs of the trade unions?
Greater social reform
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Give an example of the SPD exerting their power
In 1913 there was a 400,000 strong strike
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What was the fear of elites towards the SPD-trade union alliance?
That it was so powerful as to bring down the entire Second Reich
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What battle ended the Franco-Prussian War?
The Battle of Sedan
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Who had fought the French in the Franco Prussian War?
Prussia in alliance with a number of German states including Bavaria
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What army did the Prussians lead in the Franco-Prussian War?
The North German Confederation
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When was the North German Confederation formed?
1867
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How were the states of the North German Confederation defined?
By a constitution
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What did the constitution of the North German Confederation state?
That the states governments would control themselves individually but that their military matters were led by the King of Prussia, however they did have one central law making body
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What year did Germany defeat the French in the Franco Prussian War?
1871
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What was created out of the German victory in the Franco Prussian war?
The unification of the Northern German Confederation with Southern German states
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How many states formed Germany in 1971?
Twenty five
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What powers did each German state have once they unified in 1971?
The power to their own governments, education, police, justice, healthcare etc
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Who was the Kaiser?
The Prussian King
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Which state was most dominant after the unification of German states?
Prussia
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What powers did the Kaiser have?
Power over the armed forces, foreign policy and diplomatic policy, he appointed and dismissed the chancellor, to dissolve the Reichstag, publish and oversee implementation of federal law and guardian of the constitution
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Who was the first Kaiser?
Wilhelm I
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For how long did Wilhelm I rule?
Seventeen years
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How old was Wilhelm II when he inherited the throne?
Twenty nine
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Who was Wilhelm's main source of advice?
The military
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What were the poor qualities of Wilhelm II?
He was unwilling to share power, poor decision maker, had a short attention span and did not work hard
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Who was the Chancellor directly responsible to?
The Kaiser
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What was the formal title of the Chancellor?
Chief minister of the Reich
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What powers did the Chancellor have?
Oversaw the appointments and dismissals of ministers and secretaries, Minister-President of Prussia, he could ignore the resolutions passed by the Reichstag
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What factors did the success of a Chancellor depend on?
Political ability, character of the Kaiser and the composition of the Reichstag
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Who was the replacement of Bismarck?
General von Caprivi
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What was the name of the upper house in the federal parliament?
The Bundesrat
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How many people sat in the Bundesrat?
Fifty eight
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How were representatives to the Bundesrat nominated?
By the States' assemblies
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What powers did the Bundesrat have?
To change the constitution and could veto legislation if 14 or more of its members voted against a bill
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Why did Bismarck create a Bundesrat?
To act as a barrier to radical legislation
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How many seats did Prussia have in the Bundersrat?
Seventeen
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In the three tier voting system in Prussia, what percentage of the electorate sat in the lowest grouping?
Ninety two per cent
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What was the lower house of the federal parliament?
The Reichstag
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What was the most significant power held by the Reichstag?
The power over the defence budget
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In the 1870s what was the annual German defence budget?
One hundred million marks
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In 1904 what was the annual defence budget?
2,405,000
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What happened to the Reichstag's power over the annual defence budget?
Bismarck recognised the threat it held and managed to pass the Septennial Act
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What was the Septennial Act?
Meant that the Reichstag only voted on the defence budget once every seven years (later changed to only once every 5 years in 1893)
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What were the powers of the Reichstag?
To pass a budget, power over the defence budget, to debate and reject or accept legislation and to make trouble for a chancellor
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What year were the constituency boundaries drawn for the Reichstag?
1870s
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What were elections to the Reichstag based on?
Universal male suffrage of men over 25
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Could Reichstag members also become members of government?
No, they would have to resign their seats
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Give an example of the Reichstag creating problems for the Chancellor?
The Zabern Affair 1909
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Was the military accountable to the Reichstag?
No
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How did Bismarck prevent working classes from entering the Reichstag?
He hinted that members would not be paid
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Was the army at all referenced in the constitution?
No`
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Why did the army carry such heavy significance in Germany?
The unification of Germany lay on the back of its victories
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Who was the army responsible to?
The Kaiser
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Who appointed the military cabinet?
The Kaiser
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What was the role of the Military?
To advise and choose the General Staff
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What is the General Staff?
A group of officers and enlisted personnel that are responsible for the administrative, operational and logistical needs of its unit
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Who did the army swear an oath of allegiance to?
The Kaiser
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What were the powers of the military?
To declare martial law
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Was the bureaucracy defined in the constitution?
No
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Who were bureaucrats?
Civil servants
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In 1870 what industries were Britain dominant in?
Coal and iron
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By 1914 which industries had Germany overtaken Britain for dominance?
Iron
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What process allowed the growth of Germany as an economic power?
The Thomas Gilchrist method of manufacturing steel
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What did the Thomas Gilchrist method of manufacturing steel involve?
The use of phosphoric ores
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Where were phosphoric ores commonly found in Gemany?
Alsace Lorraine
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Give examples of German steel manufacturing
The Krupps munitions complex and Essen
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In 1900 how many British firms had the capacity to produce over 300,000 tonnes annually of steel?
One
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In 1900 how many German steel companies had the capacity to produce over 300,000 tonnes annually?
Ten
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What kind of an effect did German steel production have on their other industries?
A positive domino effect
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What did German steel production also fuel?
The creation of armaments and railways
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How long were the Prussian railways in 1878?
Five thousand km
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How long were the Prussian railways in 1914?
Thirty seven thousand km
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How was the chemical industry fuelled?
By the demand for dyes from textile manufacturers, demand for explosives from the military and investment and training
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How many full time students were in advanced commercial and technical training in Germany on the eve of WW1?
Near sixty thousand
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How many full time students were in advanced commercial and technical training in Britain on the eve of WW1?
Nine thousand
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By 1900 which country had monopoly over the manufacture of dyes?
Germany
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Give an example of German companies that produced dyes
Badische Anilin Und Soda Fabrik
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In 1914 what percentage of dyes did Britain import?
Eighty
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Where did Britain mainly source its dyes from?
Germany
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In WW1 where did the dyes for British uniforms come from?
Germany
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Which country was leading in pharmaceuticals in 1900?
Germany
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How many meters of film did the film company AGFA produce in 1908?
One million
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What did Rudolf Diesel do in 1897?
Perfected an oil based engine
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What did Gottlieb Daimler do in 1886?
Perfected a high speed petrol engine
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What did von Zeppelin do in 1900?
Launched the first rigid airship
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When did the first prototype airship fly?
1908
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In 1907 how many Germans worked as electrical workers?
One hundred thousand
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Give examples of electricity companies in Germany
AEG and Siemans and Halske
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By the eve of the Second World War, what fraction of Europe's electrical business was being controlled by Germany?
Half
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In Hamburg over a ten week period in 1892, how many people died of cholera?
8,600
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What did the Hamburg authorities do in response to the rapid spread of cholera in 1892?
Built a sewage system, a waste incinerator and a filtering plant for water
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By what amount did the introduction of a diphtheria serum decrease infant mortality by?
Half
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What did the introduction of tramworks mean for the second industrial revolution?
That workers could escape the slums, live in the suburbs and commute
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In additions to trams, what other method of transport was introduced in 1901?
Trolley buses
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Through the period 1882-1907 by what amount did the amount of industrial workers increase by?
Double
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After 1900, how many men every year did the Berlin Homeless Shelter Association accommodate?
Two hundred thousand
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In 1882, what was the national unemployment figure?
1.35m
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In 1907 what was the national unemployment figure?
3.45m
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Where did unemployment in the second reich tend to occur?
In the unskilled working class
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How many white collar workers were there in 1907?
Three million
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What was the population of Berlin in 1910?
Two million
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What was the population of Germany in 1910?
Sixty five million
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In 1910 what percentage of people were living in urban areas?
Sixty
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In 1871 what percentage of people were living in rural areas?
Sixty three
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Who did Bismarck's Tariff Law protect?
Farmers
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What did Bismarck's Tariff Law do?
Protected the price of agricultural produce such as barley, wheat and rye
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What did the development of the chemical industries provide for farmers in Germany?
Artificial fertilisers
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What was the result of the introduction of artificial fertilisers?
A increase in yields such as sugar beet
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In 1882, how many farms had threshing machines?
374,000
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In 1907 how many farms had threshing machines?
One and a half million
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What did refrigerated ships make possible?
The importation of meat from the US
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What was good about meat from the US?
It was cheaper
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What was the effect on landlords by the Second Industrial Revolution?
Their workers moved to the cities to find better work
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What did landlords do in response to the migration of their workforce?
Recruited foreign labour from the borders
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On the eve of WW1 how many foreign nationals were there working in Germany?
Half a million
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Where was the majority of the foreign workforce from?
Poland
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On the eve of WW1 how many workers were members of trade unions?
Two and a half million
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In 1913 how many workers went on strike at some point?
Four hundred thousand
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How many members did the SPD have in 1910?
720,000
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By the eve of WW1 what percentage of the vote was the SPD winning in Berlin?
Seventy five
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In 1912 how many seats did the SPD win in the Reichstag?
One hundred and ten
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What did the SPD do in 1891?
Committed to a revolutionary Marxist programme
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How many members did the Pan German League have in the Reichstag?
Sixty
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When was the Central Association of German Industrialists founded?
1886
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What did the Central Association of German Industrialists want?
To protect economic interests
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In 1912, how many electoral candidates did the Central Association for German Industrialists fund?
One hundred and twenty
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How much did the Central Association for German Industrialists pay to fund electoral candidates in 1912?
One million
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Which pressure group was considered the most powerful?
The Central Association for German Industrialists
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What is an Agrarian?
Someone who advocates the redistribution of privately owned land
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Who led the Agrarian League?
The junkers
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Who did the Agrarian League gain widespread support from?
The peasantry
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By 1914 how many members did the Agrarian League have?
A third of a million
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What were the three main issues that Chancellors faced?
The demand from elites for aggressive foreign policy, the demand for social reform and the demand for constitutional reform
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What did Bismarck pass in October 1878?
The Anti Socialist Law
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What did the Anti Socialist Law do?
Banned the SPD and drove all socialist organisations underground
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What did the Reichstag do to the Anti Socialist Law in 1890?
Refused to confirm it
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What was the Kaiser's view on the Anti Socialist Law of 1878?
He supported the Reichstag's objection
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What did Von Bulow do before his chancellorship?
He was foreign minister
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What was passed in 1898?
The first navy law
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How many battle ships did the Royal Navy have in 1896?
Thirty three
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How many battleships did the Germans have in 1896?
Six
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Which pressure group supported the Navy Laws?
The Navy League
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What was passed in 1900?
The second navy law
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What did the second navy law propose?
That Germany build 38 ships in 20 years
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What impact did the Second Navy Law have on industry?
Steel production increased
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Why was the third navy law passed?
In response to the launch of the HMS dreadnought
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When was HMS dreadnought launched?
1906
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When was the third navy law passed?
1906
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What did the third navy law propose?
The building of 6 more battle cruisers and the widening of the Kiel Canal to allow the passage of warships to the North Sea
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Who was Von Bulow's interior minister?
Count Arthur von Posadowsky
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What was passed in December 1902?
A new Tariff Law
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Who supported the new Tariff Law of 1902?
The Agrarian League
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What was the result of the 1903 election?
A swing towards the SPD in response to the Tariff Law
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Why did Germany find it hard to expand its empire?
Because most territories had already been conquered by other European powers
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What social law was passed in late 1908?
Factory hours were reduced for workers and no children under 13 were allowed to be employed
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What did the Germans build in 1899 to improve their influence in the Middle East?
The Konia to Constantinople railway which went through Baghdad
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Which party was against colonial expansion?
The SPD
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What was the Blue-Black Bloc?
The alliance of conservative and catholic parties
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What year was the Herero Uprising?
1904
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What happened in the Herero Uprising?
The indigenous people of South West Africa rose up against the Germans
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Where were the Herero people defeated?
At the battle of Waterberg
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What happened to the Herero people after their failed uprising?
They were subject to deliberate genocide through execution, incarceration in concentration camps and forced migration into the Namib Dessert
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What was the population of the Herero peoples before the uprising?
Eighty thousand
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What was the population of the Herero people after the genocide?
Fifteen thousand
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How much did opposing the Herero rebellions cost the German government?
456 million marks
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What year was the Hottentot election?
1906
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What even broke Bulow's Bloc?
His proposal to extend the property tax or introduce a property tax
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What did Bethmann Hollweg try to reform in 1910?
The Prussian voting system
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Why did Bethmann Hollweg drop his attempts to reform the Prussian voting system?
Conservative opposition
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What was introduced in 1911?
The Imperial Insurance Code
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What did the Imperial Insurance Law do?
Consolidated all previous workers' laws and amended and extended their provisions
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What did Bethmann Hollweg in 1911 with regards to Alsace Lorraine?
Introduced a constitution
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Why did Bethmann Hollweg introduce a constitution in 1911 to Alsace Lorraine
To try and integrate it with the rest of Germany
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How many votes did the SPD win in 1912?
Four million
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How many seats did the SPD win in 1912?
One hundred and ten
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Who became the VP in 1912?
SPD's Phillip Schiedemann
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What conservative bill did the SPD allow to pass in 1913?
The Army Bill
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What would the Army Bill of 1913 do?
Add 135,000 more soldiers
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How much would the Army Bill of 1913 cost?
A billion marks
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Why were the SPD prepared to vote for the Army Bill in 1913?
They did not want to be labelled as unpatriotic and the money for the bill would be raised through a property tax
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When was the Zabern Affair?
1913
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Who governed Alsace Lorraine?
The Stratthalter
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What was a Stratthalter?
An imperial governor
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What was the Treaty of Frankfurt 1872?
The peoples of Alsace Lorraine were given the option of emigration or German citizenship
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How many people in Alsace Lorraine fled to France after 1871?
Twenty thousand
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What percentage of the people left behind in Alsace Lorraine were French speakers?
Ten per cent
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What was the name of the officer involved in the Zabern Affair?
Lieutenant von Forstner
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Who did von Forstner assault?
A cobbler
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Where was the Kaiser during the Zabern Affair?
On a hunting trip
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Who's advice over the Zabern Affair did the Kaiser refuse to listen to?
The local representative
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Who did the Kaiser choose to listen to about the Zabern Affair?
His military adviser
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In 1907 how many more votes did the SPD alliance win than Bulow's Bloc?
Three million
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Card 2

Front

Before 1871 what was Germany like?

Back

A group of separate states

Card 3

Front

Who unified Germany?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was Germany unified?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What event unified Germany?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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