The problem of evil
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- Created by: Emzhip16
- Created on: 07-04-21 10:19
who is Irenaeus?
St, Bishop in France, 130-202 CE, Greek cleric. His theodicy suggest that evil was created by God for a legitimate purpose.
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Vale of soul-making
-no fall from perfection, made imperfect with chance to gain perfection
-we suffer and struggle on Earth
-suffering allows us to develop through our free choice
-we suffer and struggle on Earth
-suffering allows us to develop through our free choice
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who is John Hick?
John Hick built on his theory, an English philosopher, wrote 'Evil and the God of love'
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imperfect humans and Genesis
'Let us make mankind in our image' He made us in his image with so capacity to be like him. However we must grow into his likeness
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Epistemic distance
If God was evident to use we would be forced to doing his will, Police officer example, God stays an epistemic distance so that we can freely develop into his likeness.
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Second-order goods
-it would be easy to be good in a perfect world
-if natural evil didn't occur there would be no room for growth
-when evil occurs we can show virtues, this would unnecessary in a perfect world
-these virtues demonstrates are second order goods that rely
-if natural evil didn't occur there would be no room for growth
-when evil occurs we can show virtues, this would unnecessary in a perfect world
-these virtues demonstrates are second order goods that rely
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Eschatological justification
Both I & H argue that our salvation lies in out choices on Earth. Has less to do with Christ and his work on the cross. Th innocent who suffer will be rewarded in Heaven and we have time to redeem ourselves in purgatory.
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upsides to the argument
- consistent with scientific principle of a developing world
- God is respobisble for creating evil because of the long-term goal
-it gives meaning to human struggles without dismissing them
-the responsibility of our eternal life is in our hands
- God is respobisble for creating evil because of the long-term goal
-it gives meaning to human struggles without dismissing them
-the responsibility of our eternal life is in our hands
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challenges to the theory
- universal salvation is unjust eg, Hitler redeeming himself
- some argue that a truly loving parent wouldn't cause suffering to teach a lesson- not omnibenevolent
-the contrast between suffering varies too much from person to person
- some argue that a truly loving parent wouldn't cause suffering to teach a lesson- not omnibenevolent
-the contrast between suffering varies too much from person to person
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Swinburne and Hicks defence
1. Swinburne argues that suffering is necessary for our free will and if God prevented suffering it would be a 'toy world'
2. Hick uses a gun which when shot bounce off and never hurt. he suggests that evil is needed for freewill
2. Hick uses a gun which when shot bounce off and never hurt. he suggests that evil is needed for freewill
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Who is Augustine?
St Augustine of Hippo, 354-420 CE,
Roman African bishop, influential on the development of theology in the RCC
Roman African bishop, influential on the development of theology in the RCC
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evil as a consequence of sin
Augustine suggest that God is not responsible for evil, instead he suggest that evil is the responsibility of humanity who are sinful.
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Evil as privation
-scripture suggest that God made everything Ex Nihilo
-Augustine, influenced by Plato, suggest that Evil is not a 'thing' that God created
- instead Evil is the privation of good
he uses the example of darkness
-Augustine, influenced by Plato, suggest that Evil is not a 'thing' that God created
- instead Evil is the privation of good
he uses the example of darkness
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the fall of humans
-Adam& Eve has perfection
-God gave them freewill, they were tempted and ate from the tree of knowledge and caused original sin
-we are seminally present in Adam at Eden
-Adam's sin is passed down through sex, a sign of our concupiscence
-so evil exists
-God gave them freewill, they were tempted and ate from the tree of knowledge and caused original sin
-we are seminally present in Adam at Eden
-Adam's sin is passed down through sex, a sign of our concupiscence
-so evil exists
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the cross overcomes evil
-God is just so he requires consequence for sin
-God gave Christ to die for humanity as a punishment for our sins
-Christ's atonement demonstrates God's love for us
-God gave Christ to die for humanity as a punishment for our sins
-Christ's atonement demonstrates God's love for us
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soul-deciding
-God offers salvation through Christ
-it is up to the indvual to decide to choose God and slavation
-atonement is possible through God's grace
-those who freely accept Jesus as saviour are redeemed and will be with God in Heaven
-it is up to the indvual to decide to choose God and slavation
-atonement is possible through God's grace
-those who freely accept Jesus as saviour are redeemed and will be with God in Heaven
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moral evil/ natural evil
eg stealing, a consequence of free will brought about by humanity.
eg. storms, when Adam fell he destroyed the created order in the garden, thus allowing the presence of evil.
eg. storms, when Adam fell he destroyed the created order in the garden, thus allowing the presence of evil.
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challenges to Augustine, Genesis
he assumes Genesis revealed truth However,
the story could be an example of religious language; it could be analogical or symbolic
the story could be an example of religious language; it could be analogical or symbolic
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Challenges to Augustine, science
-it is not physically possible for the whole of humanity to be seminally present in Adam
-it is biologically unlikely that the whole of humanity stemmed from a single pair of humans
-sin is not a genetically inherited trait
-sin is not contagious throug
-it is biologically unlikely that the whole of humanity stemmed from a single pair of humans
-sin is not a genetically inherited trait
-sin is not contagious throug
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moral contradictions
-an omnibenevolent God cannot save some and damn others to hell
-it is often the innocent who suffer so evil cannot be a punishment for sin
-it is often the innocent who suffer so evil cannot be a punishment for sin
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Who was Epicurus?
an ancient Greek philosopher, 341-270 BCE,
spoke on the logical problem of evil
spoke on the logical problem of evil
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what is the logical problem of evil?
the logical problem of evil demonstrates that there is a logical impossibility of
the co-existence of evil and God.
the co-existence of evil and God.
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what is the Riddle of Epicurus?
Either God wants to abolish evil, and cannot; or
He can, but does not want to. if he wants to but cannot he is impotent. If he can but doesn't want to he is malevolent.
He can, but does not want to. if he wants to but cannot he is impotent. If he can but doesn't want to he is malevolent.
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who was J.L Mackie?
an Australian philosopher, know for his work in meta-ethics and the philosophy of religion. wrote essay 'Evil and Omnipotence'
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the inconsistent triad
three things, evil exists, God is omnipotent, God is omnibenevolent, logically they cannot all be true
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who is William Rowe?
1931-2015, an American philosopher, 'friendly atheist'
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intense human and animal suffering
Rowe presents an evidential problem of evil, which suggest that an omnibenevolent God would want to remove intense suffering.
since God does not do anything to prevent this suffering, he cannot exist.
since God does not do anything to prevent this suffering, he cannot exist.
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William Rowe intense suffering
he suggest that suffering does not benefit any being. and uses a forest fire and a frawn dying as an example. no one could have performed a good act to help and no one has learnt anything. so this evil is unnecessary.
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who is Gregory S Paul
American author, 1954-present day
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premature death
- the historical death rate was over 50%
-Paul calls this the holocaust of the children
-it is not crediable for a God who is both loving and morally perfect to fail to prevent such horror
-Paul calls this the holocaust of the children
-it is not crediable for a God who is both loving and morally perfect to fail to prevent such horror
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Vale of soul-making
Back
-no fall from perfection, made imperfect with chance to gain perfection
-we suffer and struggle on Earth
-suffering allows us to develop through our free choice
-we suffer and struggle on Earth
-suffering allows us to develop through our free choice
Card 3
Front
who is John Hick?
Back
Card 4
Front
imperfect humans and Genesis
Back
Card 5
Front
Epistemic distance
Back
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