The Nervous System

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  • Created by: Its-lawal
  • Created on: 02-01-18 12:28
What is homoeostasis?
Homoeostasis is the regulation of conditions inside the body( cells)to maintain a stable internal environment in order to respond to both external and internal conditions.
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Why is Homoeostasis important?
Homoeostasis is important because cells need the right conditions to function properly for example the right condition for enzyme action.
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What two things those the automatic control system involve?
The automatic control system in your body that regulate your internal environment include nervous and chemical response.
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Give 3 examples of your internal environment that needs regulating
Body temperature,Blood glucose content and Water content of the body.
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Explain what the automatic control system is made up of?Then what do theses include individuals ?
All automatic control system have three main components which work together to maintain a steady condition theses include cells called RECEPTORS,COORDINATION CENTRE(including the spinal cored,brain and pancreas) and EFFECTORS( muscles or glands).
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What is a stimuli?
A change in your environment that you might needed to respond to is called a stimulus.This can be light,sound,touch,pain,pressure,chemical , change in position or even temperature.
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What are receptors and its job?
Receptors are cells which detect stimuli(change in the environment).
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what is the job of the Coordination centres?
The Coordination centre(brain,pancreas and spinal cord) receive and process information from the receptors it organises a response from the effectors.Also where reflexes and actions are coordinated,
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What is the Effectors responsible for?
The effectors respond to counteract the change and restore levels .
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How does the Effectors respond to nervous impulses?
The muscles and glands respond to nervous impulses in different ways for muscles they contract and the Glands secretes chemical substances called hormones.
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Explain what the term negative feedback mechanism means?
The mechanism that restores the optimum level when a level changes from its optimum point is called a negative feedback mechanism this process happens automatically.
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Define the term optimum level
The optimum level is just the level that the body needs to work at its best.
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What does the Nervous system do?Explain what it is made up of.
The Nervous system enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.The Nervous system is made up of Neurons (Nerve cells)in the body.
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What is the job of the neurons?
Neurons transmit information as electrical impulses to and from the CNS really quickly.
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Give one advantage of the receptors.
Receptors can form part of larger ,complex organs for example the retina of the eye is covered in light receptors.
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Where is the CNS connected in mammals ?
In mammals the CNS is connected to the bodys sensory neurons and motor neurons.
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Where is the CNS connected in animals with backbones vertebrates?
In vertebrates its connected in the spinal cord and brain only.
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What does the Sensory neurones do?
Carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the CNS,
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What does the Relay neurones do?
Carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones they are found in the CNS,
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What does the Motor neurones do?
Carry electrical impulses from the (motor nerounses) CNS to the effectors.
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Transmit of information via diagram
stimuli>receptors>cns(neurones)>effectors>response
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Synapses and Reflexes
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Define what a Synapses is
Synapses are connections between two neurons.
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How do neurones set off a new chemical signal?
The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap theses chemical then set off new chemical signal in the next neurones.
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What is the function of the Synapses?And how do they slow down the transmission of neuron impulses?
Synapses slow down the transmission of a neurons impulses because of the diffusion of chemicals across the gap.
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What are Reflexes ?
Reflexes are fast,automatic responses to certain stimuli that do not involve the conscious part of the brain theses can reduce your chances of being injured.
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Explain what a Reflex arcs is?
The passage of information in a reflex(from receptors to effectors) is called a reflex arcs?
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An example of how to check if your reflexes are working correctly.
The knee-jerk reflex.Doctors often use this test to see if a patient's reflexes are working properly.
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What part does the neurones go through in the reflex arcs.
The neurones in the reflex arc go through the SPINAL CORD and an UNCONSCIOUS part of the BRAIN.
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What is reaction time?Note remember the Required practice with caffeine and ruler.
Reaction time is the time it takes to respond to a stimulus.This can be affected by factors such as age,gender and drugs.
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Give 3 examples of controlled variable
Variables are controlled to make sure that it is a fair test 1. Use the same person to catch the ruler each time. 2. Use the same hand to catch the ruler. 3. The ruler should be dropped at the same height.4. Shouldn't have had any caffein before exp
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What are the safety percussion you need to take in the experiment?
1.Any drinks needs to be consumed outside the lab away from any chemicals .2.Too much caffeine can cause unpleasant side effects
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How else can you test reaction time?
Simple computer test can be used to measure reaction time.
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How does the reaction time on the computer work?
The person being tested clicked the mouse as soon as they see the stimulus on the screen.
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Why is it better to use the computer to test reaction time?
1.It can give more precise reaction time as it removes the possibilities of human error.2. Gives more accurate measurement in milliseconds .
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Explain one advantage of using a computer over the experiment done?
Using the computer can remove the possibility of the person predicting when to respond as the ruler test the catcher can read testers body language.
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BRAIN
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What does the brain control and what is it made of ?
The brain controls complex behaviour behaviour.It is made of million of interconnected neurons and has different regions that carry out different functions.
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Where is the CEREBRAL CORTEX located and what is its function(4 things)?
The cerebral cortex is the outer wrinkly layer of the brain .It is responsible for things like conscious,intelligence,memory and language.
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Where is the MEDULLA located and what does it control?(2 things)
The medulla is the base of the brain at the top of the spinal cord.It controls unconscious activities such as breathing and heartbeats.
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Where is the CEREBELLUM located and what is it responsible for ? (1 thing)
The cerbellum is found at the back of the brain.It is responsible for muscle coordination.
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What are scientist that study the brain called?
Scientist that study the brain are called Neuroscience.
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Give three ways that Neuroscience have been able to associate different parts of the brain with specific functions?
Studying the patients with brain damage,electrically stimulating the brain and MRI scans
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(FOR)Evaluate the benefits and risks of procedure carried out on the brain.Include a balance argument.
Knowledge of the brain have lead to development of treatments for disorders of the nervous system for example surgery to remove a part of the brain that causing seizures can be a option to treat epilepsy if it cant be controlled by medication.
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(AGAINST)Evaluate the benefits and risks of procedure carried out on the brain.Include a balance argument.
Because the brain is very complex and delicate it makes it difficualt to invitigate nad treat the bran.As this carries risks such as physical damage to the brain or increase problems with brain functions.
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How does studying the brain help Neuroscience?
If a small part of the brain is damage the effect it has on patients can tell you a lot about the what part of the brain has been damage ,studying it can help tell whats wrong .
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How does Electrically stimulating the brain help Neuroscience and work?
The brain is stimulated by pushing a tiny electrode into the tissue and giving it a small zap of electricity(which cause contraction and movements).By observing what stimulating different part of the brain does it can show an idea of what does part
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How does MRI help Neuroscience?
A magnetic resonance imaging scanner is a tube like machine that can produce a very detailed picture of the brain.Scientist use it to find out what area of the brain are active when people are doing things like listening to music .
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Controlling Body Temperature
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What part of the brain controls and monitors body temperature?
Body temperature is monitored and controlled by the thermoregulatory centre in the brain.
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What two way does the thermoregulatory centre use to control and monitor the body temperature?
1.The thermoregulatory centre contains RECEPTORS and sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain.2.The SKIN contains temperature receptors and send nervous impulses to the termoregulatory centre.
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How is the body temperature controlled?
The temperature of the body is kept around a constant level due to negative feedback system.If it gets too high or low the body response to bring the temperature back to optimum(37 degrees )
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What happens when the temperature is too high or low?
Temperature receptors detect that core body temperature is too high and sends impulses to the thermoregukaory centre which acts as a coordination centre ,TC process the information from the temp receptors and triggers the effectors produce response.
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What responses reduces core body temperature?(3mark)
1.Hair on the skin lie flat means less air is trapped near surface of the skin,which allow heat to be transferred to the environment 2.Sweat is produced by sweat glands, when sweat evaporates the body it transfer heat to the environment.
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Continue
3.Blood vessels in the skin capillaries dilate(get wider).So more blood flows close to the surface of the skin.This is called vasodilation.
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What responses increase core body temperature?(3mark)
1.Hair on the skin stand up meaning this traps an insulating layer of air next to the skin reducing the amount of energy transferred to the environment.2.No sweat is produced3. When you shiver your muscles contract automatically transferring
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Continue
energy to warm the body.4 The blood vessels supplying skin caterpillars constrict(get narrower )to reduce skins blood suply this called vasoconstriction:Less energy is transferred from the skin to the environment.
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EYES
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What reflex happens when a very bright light enter the eye?
Light receptors in the eye detect very bright light a reflex is triggered that makes the pupil smaller .The circular muscles in the iris contracts and the radical relax reducing the amount of light that enter the eye,
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What reflex happens when low light enters the eye?
Light receptors in the eye detect very dim light a reflex is triggered that makes the pupil wider .The circular muscles in the iris relax and the radical muscles contract.
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Define the term Accommodation?
Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near by object .This is also an automatic reaction.
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What happens when the eye focus on near objects?
1.The ciliary muscles contract 2.The suspensory ligaments loosen 3.The lenes is then thicker and refracts light ray strongly.
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What happens when the eye focus on distance objects?
1.The ciliary muscles relax 2,The suspensory ligaments are pulled tightly 3.The lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light ray.
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How does a person become long-or short sighted?
When the lens cannot focus the light in the correct place (the retina) a person will become short or long sighed
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Define the term hyperpia
Hyperopia is longsightedness .Longsighted people are unable to focus on near objects .
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What happens when someones is long sighted?
The lens is in the wrong shape and doesn't refract(bend)the light enough or the eyeball is too short and the image of the object is bought into focus behind the retina.
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How do you correct Hyperpia ?
Use glasses with CONVEX LENS (a lens which curves outwards) which allow the light ray to focus on the retina.
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Define the term Myopia
Myopia is the medical term for short-sightedness where. people are unable to focus on distance objects
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What happens when someones is short sighted?
The lens is in the wrong shape and refracts the light too much or the eyeball is too long and the image of the object id brought into focus in front of the retina.
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How do you correct Myopia ?
Use glasses with concave lens:A a lens which curved inwards to correct short sightedness so that the light ray focus on the retina.
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What are the alternative treatments from myopia and hyperopia?
Alternative treatments for myopia and hyperopia include:Contact lenses,Laser eye surgery and Replacement lens surgery.
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What are contact lenses?
Contact lenses are thin lenses the sit on the surface of the eye and are shaped to compensate for the fault in focusing.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with Contact lenses.
ADVANTAGES: Lightweight and more comfortable than glasses for activities like sports.DISADVANTAGES: Lenses like soft lenses carry high risk of eye infection(than hard lenses).
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What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with Laser eye surgery.
Lasers can be used to vaporise tissues ,change the shape and size of cornea can be used to improve short sight and long sight. DISADVANTAGE :More expensive and risk of complication such as infection and worser vision.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with Replacement lens surgery.
In replacement lens surgery the natural lens of the eye is removed and an artificial lens(clear plastic) is inserted. ADVANTAGES:Long sightedness can be treated. DISADVANTAGES: High risk than laser eye surgery could involve damage to the retina.
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Which could lead to loss of sight.
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