The human body: an orientation
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- Created by: Jade
- Created on: 16-12-20 12:41
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure and shape of the body, it's parts and their relationship to one another.
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What is physiology?
The study of how the body and it's parts work/function.
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What are the six levels of structural organisation?
1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Organ system level
6) Organismal level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Organ system level
6) Organismal level
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What occurs at the chemical level of structural organisation?
This is the simplest level within the structural hierarchy.
Atoms, combine to form molecules( e.g. water).
Molecules combine to form organelles (the internal organs of a cell).
Atoms, combine to form molecules( e.g. water).
Molecules combine to form organelles (the internal organs of a cell).
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What is the cellular level of structural organisation?
The cellular level is made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell.
Cells are made up of molecules.
Cells are made up of molecules.
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What is the tissue level of structural organisation?
Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
There are four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue) and each plays a definite role in the body.
There are four basic tissue types (epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue) and each plays a definite role in the body.
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What is the organ level of structural organisation?
An organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
For example, the small intestine, which digests and absorbs food, is composed of all four tissue
types.
For example, the small intestine, which digests and absorbs food, is composed of all four tissue
types.
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What is the organ system level of structural organisation?
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.
For example, the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system circulate blood continuously to carry nutrients and oxygen to all body cells.
For example, the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular system circulate blood continuously to carry nutrients and oxygen to all body cells.
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What is the organismal level of structural organisation?
The organismal level is the highest level of organization.
It is the sum total of all structural levels working together. In short, it is the human being (or organism) as a whole.
It is the sum total of all structural levels working together. In short, it is the human being (or organism) as a whole.
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List the 11 organ systems in the human body
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive systems.
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Describe the function of the Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, hair, nails and exocrine glands.
It's main function is to protect the body from the outside world - it protects the deeper tissues from injury and produces vitamin D. It excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperat
It's main function is to protect the body from the outside world - it protects the deeper tissues from injury and produces vitamin D. It excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperat
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Describe the function of the Skeletal System
Consists of bone, cartilages and joints.
It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. It also has protective functions, e.g. the skull protects the brain.
The hard substance of bone acts as a storehouse fo
It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. It also has protective functions, e.g. the skull protects the brain.
The hard substance of bone acts as a storehouse fo
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Describe the function of the Muscular System
Muscles play a part in every function of the body. There are three muscle types: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
Skeletal muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control.
Skeletal muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control.
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Describe the function of the Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
The sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and send messages via nerve impulses to the CNS (brain and spinal cord). The CNS then assesses the information and activates the appr
The sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and send messages via nerve impulses to the CNS (brain and spinal cord). The CNS then assesses the information and activates the appr
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Describe the function of the Endocrine System
Endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood towards target organs.
The endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (female), and testes (male).
The endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (female), and testes (male).
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Describe the function of the Cardiovascular System
It's primary organs are the heart and blood vessels.
The cardiovascular system has three main functions -
1) Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients.
2) Clotting of open wounds
3) Regulation of body temperature
The cardiovascular system has three main functions -
1) Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients.
2) Clotting of open wounds
3) Regulation of body temperature
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Describe the function of the Lymphatic System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils.
When fluid leaks into tissues from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the blood stream. The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the
When fluid leaks into tissues from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the blood stream. The lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the
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Describe the function of the Respiratory System
Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
It's function is to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
It's function is to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
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Describe the function of the Digestive System
Consists of the oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum and other accessory organs (such as the pancreas).
Their role is to break down food and deliver the nutrients to the blood for distribution to body cells.
Their role is to break down food and deliver the nutrients to the blood for distribution to body cells.
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Describe the function of the Urinary System
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The urinary system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine .
It also maintains the body’s electrolyte balance, regulates the acid-base balance o
The urinary system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine .
It also maintains the body’s electrolyte balance, regulates the acid-base balance o
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Describe the function of the Reproductive System
The male testes produce sperm. Other structures are the scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system, which carries sperm outside of the body.
The female ovaries produce eggs (ova); the duct system consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagin
The female ovaries produce eggs (ova); the duct system consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagin
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What are the eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life?
1) Maintain it's boundaries so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”
2) Movement
3) Responsiveness (responding to stimuli)
4) Digestion
5) Metabolism
6) Excretion
7) Reproduction
8) Growth
2) Movement
3) Responsiveness (responding to stimuli)
4) Digestion
5) Metabolism
6) Excretion
7) Reproduction
8) Growth
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What are the five survival needs?
1) Food
2) Oxygen
3) Water
4) Appropriate temperature
5) Normal atmospheric pressure
2) Oxygen
3) Water
4) Appropriate temperature
5) Normal atmospheric pressure
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Define Superior (cranial or cephalic)
Above; toward the upper part of a structure or the body.
E.g. the forehead is superior to the nose.
E.g. the forehead is superior to the nose.
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Define Inferior (caudal)
Below; toward the lower part of a structure or the body.
E.g. the navel is inferior to the breastbone.
E.g. the navel is inferior to the breastbone.
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Define anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body.
E.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine.
E.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine.
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Define posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body.
E.g. the heart is posterior to the breastbone.
E.g. the heart is posterior to the breastbone.
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Define medial
On the inner side of/toward the midline of the body.
E.g. the heart is medial to the arm.
E.g. the heart is medial to the arm.
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Define lateral
On the outer side of/away from the midline of the body.
E.g. the arm is lateral to the chest.
E.g. the arm is lateral to the chest.
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Define intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
E.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder.
E.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder.
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Define proximal
Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
E.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist (closer to the attachment point of the arm than the wrist).
E.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist (closer to the attachment point of the arm than the wrist).
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Define distal
Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
E.g. the knee is distal to the thigh.
E.g. the knee is distal to the thigh.
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Define superficial
Towards the body surface.
E.g. the skin is superficial to the skeleton.
E.g. the skin is superficial to the skeleton.
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Define deep
Away from the body surface.
E.g. the lungs are deep to the ribcage.
E.g. the lungs are deep to the ribcage.
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Define homeostasis
The state of steady/stable internal conditions.
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What are the elements of homeostatic control systems?
1) The stimulus produces a change in the variable
2) The receptor detects this change
3) This information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control centre.
4) The control centre determines the level the variable is to be maintained at
5) Variable
2) The receptor detects this change
3) This information is sent along the afferent pathway to the control centre.
4) The control centre determines the level the variable is to be maintained at
5) Variable
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What are negative feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms aim to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
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What are positive feedback mechanisms?
These act to increase the initial stimulus and push the variable farther from its original value.
E.g. blood clotting.
E.g. blood clotting.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is physiology?
Back
The study of how the body and it's parts work/function.
Card 3
Front
What are the six levels of structural organisation?
Back
Card 4
Front
What occurs at the chemical level of structural organisation?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the cellular level of structural organisation?
Back
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