Avoid war on two fronts. Failed because of Belgium resistance/quick Russia mobilisation.
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Mobilise
Getting troops and supplies ready to fight.
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Battle of the Marne
French tried to prevent Germans reaching Paris. Transported troops in taxis/trains. Germans pushed back to River Aisne but couldn't be driven out of France. Both sides dug trenches - started trench warfare.
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Stalemate
No progress can be made - a deadlock.
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Trench Warfare
Opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. Three lines: front-line, support and reserve. Protected from shellfire. But conditions were poor - trench foot, corpse, rats, lice, mud etc. Soldiers spent time on sentry duty, digging/repairing.
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Barrage
Artillery used to bombard front-line enemy trenches. Soldiers then went 'over the top' in an infantry charge across no man's land.
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No man's land
Unoccupied area between the trenches of the opposing armies.
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Discipline
Soldiers who disobeyed orders, slept on duty or deserted were executed. 346 killed.
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Patriotism
Devoted to country - fight for king/country.
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Propaganda
Information used to persuade people E.g. posters used to recruit soldiers/promote hatred of the enemy/increase moral.
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Battle of Verdun
Germans wanted to capture strategic forts around Verdun and had greater resources. French army almost lost. British launched the Battle of the Somme to allow the French to win Verdun. 700,000 men killed (in total).
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Reconnaissance
Observing enemy tactics/weapons (Recon shortened version of word).
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Casualties
Number of people killed or injured.
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Attrition
Process of wearing down the enemy until they can no longer resist.
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Western Front battles order
Acronym to remember: (My very simple problem = Marne, Verdun, Somme, Passchendaele).
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Battle of the Somme
7 day artillery bombardment + infantry charge. Germans hid in deep concrete dug-outs + some artillery shells failed, so barbed wire was not cut. 57,000 casualties (20,000 deaths) on the first day.
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Artillery
Powerful, large guns. Bombardments to destroy enemy. Caused most casualties.
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Machine gun
Automatic gun fires bullets in rapid succession (8 per second). Defensive weapon used to shoot at infantry.
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Poison gas
Initially used to disable enemy (make them sick etc). Later used to blind/kill victims. Only 3000 British killed. But huge psychological effect - fear.
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Tanks
Large armoured vehicle used to crush barbed wire/shoot enemy. Initially too slow, later too fast. Boosted morale.
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Aircraft
1914: Planes very primitive - used for recon. April 1915 - fitted with machine guns. By 1918 aerial battles common.
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Battle of Passchendaele
Worst rain in 30 years led to tanks/horses/men being stuck in mud. Weather outmanoeuvred technology.
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ANZAC
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
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Dardanelles Strait
Narrow stretch of water which would allow supplies to get to Russia through Black Sea and attack the Turks.
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Galipoli Campaign
Failure for the Allies. Turks shot at them from the hills. Extreme weather spread disease (blistering summer/frostbite). Troops evacuated by January 1916.
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Naval Blockade
British ships stopped supplies of food/weapons reaching Germany.
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U-Boat
German submarine which sank ships.
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Convoy
Slow moving merchant ships sailed in groups, protected by fast destroyers.
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Eastern/western fronts
Western: Fighting between Germany and France/Belgium/Britain. Eastern: Fighting between Germany/Austria-Hungary and Russia.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Getting troops and supplies ready to fight.
Back
Mobilise
Card 3
Front
French tried to prevent Germans reaching Paris. Transported troops in taxis/trains. Germans pushed back to River Aisne but couldn't be driven out of France. Both sides dug trenches - started trench warfare.
Back
Card 4
Front
No progress can be made - a deadlock.
Back
Card 5
Front
Opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. Three lines: front-line, support and reserve. Protected from shellfire. But conditions were poor - trench foot, corpse, rats, lice, mud etc. Soldiers spent time on sentry duty, digging/repairing.
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