The Digestive System Conditions
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- Created by: Bethey23
- Created on: 25-04-21 04:30
What is diarrhoea + vomiting?
- Gastroenteritis is a common cause
- Norovirus + food poisoning are among other common causes
- Common illness
- The body's way of getting rid of a problem in the digestive system
- Norovirus + food poisoning are among other common causes
- Common illness
- The body's way of getting rid of a problem in the digestive system
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When does diarrhoea + vomiting usually stop?
- Diarrhoea: 5-7 days
- Vomiting: 1-2 days
- Vomiting: 1-2 days
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What does diarrhoea + vomiting increase the risk of?
- Risk of dehydration + hypovolemic shock
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What are the signs + symptoms of diarrhoea + vomiting?
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Abdominal cramps + pain
- Nausea
- Low-grade fever
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Dehydration
- Diarrhoea
- Abdominal cramps + pain
- Nausea
- Low-grade fever
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Dehydration
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How do you assess a CYP with diarrhoea + vomiting?
- History + documentation
- Asking questions e.g. how long have signs + symptoms been present for, wet nappies, urine output, fluid + hydration status among the important ones
- Assess risk for dehydration
- Pain assessment + assess nutritional status of
- Asking questions e.g. how long have signs + symptoms been present for, wet nappies, urine output, fluid + hydration status among the important ones
- Assess risk for dehydration
- Pain assessment + assess nutritional status of
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How do you diagnose a child with diarrhoea + vomiting?
- Stool examination
- Stool culture
- Clinical suspicion
- From signs + symptoms
- Through assessment + observation
- Stool culture
- Clinical suspicion
- From signs + symptoms
- Through assessment + observation
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How do you plan/ implement care for a CYP with diarrhoea + vomiting?
- Oral/ I.V. antibiotics if required
- Oral/ I.V. fluid rehydration
- Oral rehydration sachets (e.g. dioralyte)
- Closely monitor intake + output of child (e.g. number, character, amount of stools + estimate insensible fluid losses like diaphoresis (swea
- Oral/ I.V. fluid rehydration
- Oral rehydration sachets (e.g. dioralyte)
- Closely monitor intake + output of child (e.g. number, character, amount of stools + estimate insensible fluid losses like diaphoresis (swea
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How do you plan/ implement care for a CYP with diarrhoea + vomiting? (continued)
- Administer medications as indicated, such as oral antibiotics as prescribed
- Educate child + family on condition + help aid in the reduction of anxiety in child + family
- Plenty of rest
- Paracetamol for discomfort
- Education for preventing spread of
- Educate child + family on condition + help aid in the reduction of anxiety in child + family
- Plenty of rest
- Paracetamol for discomfort
- Education for preventing spread of
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How do you evaluate the care for a CYP with diarrhoea + vomiting?
- Maintenance of normal hydration status achieved (good input + output of fluid)
- Resumed diet of normal feeding + maintenance of adequate nutritional requirements
- Vomiting + diarrhoea stopped
- Documentation
- Follow-up appointment scheduled if approp
- Resumed diet of normal feeding + maintenance of adequate nutritional requirements
- Vomiting + diarrhoea stopped
- Documentation
- Follow-up appointment scheduled if approp
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What are some clinical signs of dehydration?
- Altered responsiveness (irritable, lethargic etc.)
- Sunken eyes
- Appears to be unwell/ deteriorating
- Dry mucous membranes
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Reduced skin turgor
- Decreased urine output
- Sunken eyes
- Appears to be unwell/ deteriorating
- Dry mucous membranes
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Reduced skin turgor
- Decreased urine output
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What are some clinical signs of hypovolemic shock (lost more than 20% of body's blood/ fluid supply + is life-threatening) ?
- Decreased level of consciousness
- Hypotension (decompensated shock)
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Prolonged CRT
- Weak peripheral pulses
- Pale or mottled skin
- Cold extremities
- Hypotension (decompensated shock)
- Tachypnoea
- Tachycardia
- Prolonged CRT
- Weak peripheral pulses
- Pale or mottled skin
- Cold extremities
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What is appendicitis?
- Also known as epityphlitis
- The inflammation of the appendix (small finger like appendage attached to the caecum just below the ileocecal valve)
- Most common cause of surgical abdomen
- Most common reason for emergency abdominal surgery
- Commonly occ
- The inflammation of the appendix (small finger like appendage attached to the caecum just below the ileocecal valve)
- Most common cause of surgical abdomen
- Most common reason for emergency abdominal surgery
- Commonly occ
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What causes an appendicitis?
- The appendix becomes inflamed + edematous (abnormally swollen with fluid) as a result of becoming kinked or occluded by faecality, tumour, or foreign body
- Inflammation, pain + pus formation occur
- Inflammation, pain + pus formation occur
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What makes the appendix prone to becoming an appendicitis?
- The appendix empties into the colon inefficiently + its lumen is small, this makes it prone to becoming obstructed + vulnerable to infection
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What are some of the signs + symptoms of an appendicitis?
- Pain (vague epigastric or pre-umbilical pain progresses to right lower quadrant + the pain is usually accompanied by low-grade fever, nausea + sometimes vomiting)
- Tenderness: in 50% of presenting cases, local tenderness is elicited at McBurney's point
- Tenderness: in 50% of presenting cases, local tenderness is elicited at McBurney's point
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What are some of the signs + symptoms of an appendicitis? (continued)
- Roving's sign: may be elicited by palpating the left lower quadrant. This paradoxically causes pain to be felt at the right lower quadrant
- Being sick
- Constipation or diarrhoea
- High temperature
- Flushed face
- Pain in the middle of the abdomen tha
- Being sick
- Constipation or diarrhoea
- High temperature
- Flushed face
- Pain in the middle of the abdomen tha
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What are some of the signs + symptoms of an appendicitis? (continued)
...... usually located + becomes constant + severe. Pressing on this area, coughing or walking may make the pain worse
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How do you assess a CYP with appendicitis?
- History
- Assess level of pain
- Assess relevant laboratory findings
- Assess vital signs + prep for surgery if appropriate
- Questions: how long has the pain gone on for, pain score assessment, location of pain, and if pain has moved etc. asking parent
- Assess level of pain
- Assess relevant laboratory findings
- Assess vital signs + prep for surgery if appropriate
- Questions: how long has the pain gone on for, pain score assessment, location of pain, and if pain has moved etc. asking parent
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How do you assess a CYP with appendicitis?
..... area + level of pain
- Documentation
- Documentation
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How do you diagnose a CYP with an appendicitis?
- Acute pain related to obstructed appendix
- Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative vomiting + postoperative restrictions
- Risk for infection related to ruptured appendix
- CBC count: a complete blood cell count shows an elevated WBC co
- Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative vomiting + postoperative restrictions
- Risk for infection related to ruptured appendix
- CBC count: a complete blood cell count shows an elevated WBC co
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How do you diagnose a CYP with an appendicitis? (continued)
... the bowel
- Pregnancy test: may be performed for those of child beating age to rule out an ectopic pregnancy + before x-rays are obtained
- Laparoscopy: a diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to rule out acute appendicitis in equivocal (uncertain) cases
- Pregnancy test: may be performed for those of child beating age to rule out an ectopic pregnancy + before x-rays are obtained
- Laparoscopy: a diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to rule out acute appendicitis in equivocal (uncertain) cases
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How do you diagnose a CYP with an appendicitis? (continued)
- Blood tests
- Urine test to rule out other conditions such as a UTI/ bladder infection
- Vital signs
- Urine test to rule out other conditions such as a UTI/ bladder infection
- Vital signs
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How do you manage a CYP with an appendicitis?
- Pain relief
- Vital signs
- Preventing fluid volume deficit
- Reducing anxiety in child/ parent/ carers
- Eliminating infection due to the potential or actual disruption of the GI tracts
- Maintaining skin integrity
- Attaining optimal nutrition
- Vital signs
- Preventing fluid volume deficit
- Reducing anxiety in child/ parent/ carers
- Eliminating infection due to the potential or actual disruption of the GI tracts
- Maintaining skin integrity
- Attaining optimal nutrition
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How do you manage a CYP with an appendicitis? (continued)
- Medical management: I.V. fluids (to correct fluid + electrolyte imbalances + dehydration, I.V. fluids administered prior to surgery)
- Antibiotic therapy (to prevent sepsis, antibiotics are administered until surgery is performed)
- Drainage (when perfo
- Antibiotic therapy (to prevent sepsis, antibiotics are administered until surgery is performed)
- Drainage (when perfo
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How do you manage a CYP with an appendicitis? (continued)
- Surgical management: appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix is performed as soon as possible to decrease risk of perforation), laparotomy + laparoscopy (both of these procedures are safe + effective in the treatment of appendicitis with perforat
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How do you plan + implement care for a CYP with an appendicitis?
- I.V. infusions (an I.V. infusion is made to replace fluid loss + promote adequate renal functioning)
- Antibiotic therapy: given to prevent infection
- Positioning: after the surgery, the nurse places the patient on a high-fowler's position to reduce th
- Antibiotic therapy: given to prevent infection
- Positioning: after the surgery, the nurse places the patient on a high-fowler's position to reduce th
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How do you evaluate the care of a CYP with an appendicitis?
- Has the pain reduced
- Prevented fluid volume deficit
- Reduced anxiety + appendix removed if app.
- Eliminated infection due to potential or actual disruption of the GI tract
- Maintained skin integrity
- Attained optimal nutrition + documentation
- Ed
- Prevented fluid volume deficit
- Reduced anxiety + appendix removed if app.
- Eliminated infection due to potential or actual disruption of the GI tract
- Maintained skin integrity
- Attained optimal nutrition + documentation
- Ed
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What is gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Food + drink travels back up the oesophagus after feeding instead of passing through to the large + small intestines
- Acidic stomach contents can irritate the lining of the oesophagus (gastro-oesophageal reflux) disease
- Very common in the first few w
- Acidic stomach contents can irritate the lining of the oesophagus (gastro-oesophageal reflux) disease
- Very common in the first few w
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What causes gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Immaturity of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) function is manifested by frequent transient lower oesophageal relaxations (tLERs) which result in the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the oesophagus
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What are some of the signs + symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Frequent spitting up or regurgitation after feeds
- Abdominal pain
- Upset in the hours after feeding
- Lack of weight gain (failure to thrive)
- Babies may have frequent chest infections
- Oesophageal damage
- Heart burn
- Oesophagitis
- Dental problem
- Abdominal pain
- Upset in the hours after feeding
- Lack of weight gain (failure to thrive)
- Babies may have frequent chest infections
- Oesophageal damage
- Heart burn
- Oesophagitis
- Dental problem
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How do you assess a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- History taking
-Observing the child
- Documentation
- Vital signs monitoring
- Questioning parents/ carers in relation to signs + symptoms etc.
- Physical examination
-Observing the child
- Documentation
- Vital signs monitoring
- Questioning parents/ carers in relation to signs + symptoms etc.
- Physical examination
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How do you diagnose a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Most cases can be diagnosed through history + physical examination
- Manometry: used for infants + children to assess oesophageal motility + lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) function
- Histologic findings
- Upper GI imaging studies: evaluate anatomy of
- Manometry: used for infants + children to assess oesophageal motility + lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) function
- Histologic findings
- Upper GI imaging studies: evaluate anatomy of
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How do you diagnose a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux? (continued)
- Gastric scintiscan: a gastric study using milk or formula containing a small amount of technetium sulphur colloid, can assess gastric emptying + reveal reflux
- Intraoesophageal pH probe monitoring: a continuous oesophageal pH probe in the distal oesoph
- Intraoesophageal pH probe monitoring: a continuous oesophageal pH probe in the distal oesoph
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How do you plan/ implement care for a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Education
- Dietary measures: thickening of an infant's formula, increasing feeding frequency, expressed breast milk may be thickened, early introduction of rice cereal feedings (at 3 months) may be attempted
- Positioning: avoid seated or supine positi
- Dietary measures: thickening of an infant's formula, increasing feeding frequency, expressed breast milk may be thickened, early introduction of rice cereal feedings (at 3 months) may be attempted
- Positioning: avoid seated or supine positi
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How do you plan/ implement care for a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Small frequent meals: avoid greasy + spicy foods, chocolate, peppermint, tomato products + caffeine
- Surgery for severe cases: fundoplication
- Medications: antacids, histamine H2 antagonists, proton-pump inhibitors
- Improve nutrtion
- Health educatio
- Surgery for severe cases: fundoplication
- Medications: antacids, histamine H2 antagonists, proton-pump inhibitors
- Improve nutrtion
- Health educatio
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How do you manage a CYP with reflux?
- Adjustments of feeding pattern
- Adjustments of feeding position
- Changes of feed or formula
- Medications
-Surgery
- Adjustments of feeding position
- Changes of feed or formula
- Medications
-Surgery
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How do you evaluate care for a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux?
- Pain relief/ relieved
- Reduction of episodes of reflux
- Complete stop of reflux
- Infant more settled after feeding
- Education of parents successful (+ child if appropriate)
- Child growing
- Maintenance of adequate nutritional status
- Maintenance/
- Reduction of episodes of reflux
- Complete stop of reflux
- Infant more settled after feeding
- Education of parents successful (+ child if appropriate)
- Child growing
- Maintenance of adequate nutritional status
- Maintenance/
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How do you evaluate care for a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux? (continued)
- Appropriate growth
- Increased knowledge of actions that reduce reflux
- Documentation of care plan
- Documentation in general
- Goals achieved + more goals set if appropriate in relation to management of the gastro-oesophageal reflux
- Follow-up appoin
- Increased knowledge of actions that reduce reflux
- Documentation of care plan
- Documentation in general
- Goals achieved + more goals set if appropriate in relation to management of the gastro-oesophageal reflux
- Follow-up appoin
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How do you evaluate care for a CYP with gastro-oesophageal reflux? (continued)
- Further investigations if no improvement of signs + symptoms/ overall condition
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
When does diarrhoea + vomiting usually stop?
Back
- Diarrhoea: 5-7 days
- Vomiting: 1-2 days
- Vomiting: 1-2 days
Card 3
Front
What does diarrhoea + vomiting increase the risk of?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the signs + symptoms of diarrhoea + vomiting?
Back
Card 5
Front
How do you assess a CYP with diarrhoea + vomiting?
Back
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