The First Crusade

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Why was there Muslim disunity?
After prophet Muhammed's death Islam split in 2 as there was divided opinions of how they should decide upon the next caliph (Muslim leader)
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when was the battle of Manzikert and what happened?
1071 - the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine army and have control over Anatolia
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how did the battle of Manzikert cause the first crusade to be called?
Alexius I (Byzantine emperor) asked for Pope Urban II's aid at the Council of Clermont in recapturing Anatolia
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What was the oath of fealty?
An oath Alexius I made the crusaders swear so that so they didn't go against him and to avoid conflict. Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of Toulouse refused. Alexius was less generous to these people.
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what was the main aims of the first crusade?
To capture Jerusalem, the chance of a new life in new lands, gaining territories, plunder (often of Jews), primogeniture and younger sons, remission of sins (promised by Pope in papal bull)
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when was the papal bull for the first crusade issued and who was the pope that issued it?
1095 Pope Urban II
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Who led the People's Crusade?
Peter the Hermit - a priest known for riding on a donkey and dressing in simple clothing
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Who went on the people's crusade? (besides Peter the Hermit)
lots of peasants who had no idea where they were going and were unskilled in fighting as well as some well trained minor knights leading them.
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When was the People's crusade?
April 1096 - October 1096 they set off 4 months earlier than Pope urban had planned for the first crusade to commence
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Why did the people's crusade happen?
the peasants had suffered from drought, famine and disease and some envisioned the crusade as an escape from these hardships - they could not wait for this
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why did the People's crusade fail?
they were untrained and didn't know where they were going. They were destroyed by the Seljuk Turk forces when they reached Constantinople.
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When was the first crusade?
1095-1099
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Where did the different sections of the first crusade meet?
Constantinople
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When was the siege of Nicaea?
May - June 1097
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What was the result of the siege of Nicaea?
The crusaders captured the city of Nicaea - Alexius returned to Constantinople, as he got part of his land back and had no interest in carrying on so goes to protect his land in Constantinople (Tatikios, a Byzantine general is left in his place)
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The army split in two after leaving Nicaea - who led the two sections?
one was led by Bohemund of Taranto and the other was led by Adhemar le Puy (Papal Legate)
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when was the battle of Dorylaeum?
June 1097
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What happened at the battle of Dorylaeum?
on their way to Anatolia, Bohemund's section was ambushed by Turks. the battle was one by the determination of Bohemund. They believed God had shown them favour. However, the army was drastically weakened
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Why did the march across Anatolia cause problems for the crusaders?
toughest part of the journey, horses died, some had to walk, hot by day, cold by night, lack of food and water, half of those who'd set off had perished
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when was the capture of Edessa?
1098
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Who captured Edessa and what effect did this have?
Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred captured towns such as Edessa - large areas were cleared of hostile forces meaning supplies could be maintained and paved a way for the main crusader army as they approached Antioch
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who became ruler of Edessa?
Baldwin of Boulogne
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When was the siege of Antioch?
1098
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How did they capture Antioch?
they dug beneath the city to walls to break the foundations and collapse the wall. they could then enter the city.
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Why was the capture of Antioch so important?
critical turning point as if they were going to capture Jerusalem Antioch HAD to be taken first as this was a major city and stopped them being attacked from behind. Kerbogha of Mosul, leader of the Turkish coalition was defeated
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What was the holy lance, who found it, where and when?
believed to be the spear that pierced the side of Jesus when he was crucified, found by Peter Bartholomew in a pit during the siege of Antioch
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How did the siege of Antioch cause problems for the crusaders?
it lasted 7 and a half months with caused a massive depletion of resources and loss of crusaders
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How was their march to Jerusalem helped by Muslim disunity?
the Muslims hated each other more than the crusaders and so were willing to form alliances with the crusaders to defeat their Muslim enemies. Some gave money/supplies to the crusaders for them to leave them alone. They never faced a united opposition
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How did Muslim disunity help them enter the walls of Jerusalem?
there had been a shi'a Muslim led attack on sunni-held jersalem beforehand and so part of the wall of Jerusalm was weaker (Godfrey used this to his advantage)
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How did they ask for God's intercession in helping them to capture Jerusalem?
following a fast, the clergy led the crusaders on a barefoot procession to the mount of olives to ask for Gods intercession
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What did Godfrey of Bouillon do that helped them enter the city of Jerusalem?
he set up his siege engine in full view, then moved it to a weak spot under the cover of darkness at night allowing for him to attack without the Muslims being ready for him to be in that position
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why was help from the west needed to attack Jerusalem?
there were no trees around which meant wood was scarce to made siege towers/engines
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who helped them and what did they supply them with?
the Genoese brought people and supplies to build what they needed to attack Jerusalem eg. siege towers
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What happened when they entered Jerusalem?
up to 70,000 Muslims were killed in the bloodbath
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

when was the battle of Manzikert and what happened?

Back

1071 - the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine army and have control over Anatolia

Card 3

Front

how did the battle of Manzikert cause the first crusade to be called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the oath of fealty?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what was the main aims of the first crusade?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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