Beck suggested that negative thinking falls into 3 types, what are they?
Negative automatic thinking, selective attention to negative and negative schemas
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What is automatic negative thinking?
Thinking negatively of the world, self and future (Cognitive triad model)
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What is the cognitive triad model?
A model that suggests the workings of negative thinking, negative views on the world at the top and then feeding into negative views of future and views of self
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Give an example of how the cognitive triad works
A person has negative views about their self being a failure so they give up on a project and fail, backing up the failure belief and then they develop negative views of the future, which both feedback into a negative world view
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What are 4 examples of cognitive biases?
Catastrophizing, selective thinking, personalisation and polarised thinking
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Catastrophizing
When minor set backs are exaggerated until they become a disaster
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Selective thinking
Focusing on the negative things and under-emphasising positives
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Personalisation
Individual blames self for things that happen even if its out of their control
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Polarised thinking
Seeing everything as either a success or failure
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How are negative schemas developed?
Through critical relationships (parents too perfectionist, school cliques too judgemental) in early childhood, it can also be because of trauma in early life (abuse, bullying etc)
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How is a negative schema activated?
They are activated when the person is presented with similar situations in later life
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What is Becks depression inventory?
A series of 21 psychometric questions, asking about cognitions and physical symptoms
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What does the BDI do?
Measures the severity of a patient's depression, it is not a diagnostic tool
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How is the depression measured?
Each answer is given a score from 0-3 and then at the end the scores are added up and there is a table to see which category of severity the patient falls into
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Supporting Evidence
A'Alesandro 2002 found people with depression were shown to have faulty cognitions, Lewinson measured negative thinking of those without depression and found that those with higher scores developed depression later on in life
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Challenging evidence
Lewinson et al study isnt entirely convincing, may have shown early stage of depression instead of the cause, also it relies on self report data, meaning it can be vulnerable to bias (demand characteristics) and so it lacks validity
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Other Explanations
The cognitive and biological study are complimentary, Rayner et al looked at brain scans of people with depression, high activity in prefrontal cortex which deals with unpleasant memories, guilt etc, low activity in sites which deal with decisiveness
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Usefulness
Has been used to develop effective therapies like CBT, which has been proven to be as effective as drugs, it also fills in gaps of bio explanation
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Testability
Describes the nature of depressive thought but it isn't clear on what causes it, negative schemas are vague and hard to test, doesn't explain individual differences
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is automatic negative thinking?
Back
Thinking negatively of the world, self and future (Cognitive triad model)
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