The Changing Economic World

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  • Created by: rachmhw
  • Created on: 27-05-19 13:13
what is development?
the progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made. Quality of life improves in that country
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what is the global development gap?
the difference between more and less developed countries
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what do measures of development do?
used to compare the development of different countries
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what are measures of development that measure wealth?
Gross National Income, GNI per head, Gross Domestic Product,
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what are measures of development that measure health?
death rate, birth rate (women's right), infant mortality rate, people per doctor, access to safe water, life expectancy
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what are measures of development that measure education?
literacy rate
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what are measures of development that measure a variety of things?
Human Development Index
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what is Gross National Income (GNI)?
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. It is often given in US$
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what is GNI per head?
The GNI divided by the population of a country. It is often given in US$ and is sometimes called GNI per capita
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what is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year. It is often given in US$
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what is birth rate?
the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
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what is the death rate?
the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
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what is the infant mortality rate?
the number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born
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what is people per doctor?
the average number of people for each doctor
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what is the literacy rate?
the percentage of adults who can read and write
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what is the access to safe water?
the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
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what is life expectancy?
the average age a person can expect to live to
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what is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
this is a number that's calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 and 1
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why might measures of development be misleading?
individual indicators can be misleading if used on their own because some aspects develop before others. HDI accounts for these problems
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how were countries classified based on how economically developed they are?
they are either MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) or LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries)
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where are MEDCs generally found?
in the north (USA, European countries etc)
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where are LEDCs generally found?
in the south (India, China, Mexico etc)
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how are countries now classified so you can identify development?
HICS, LICS adn NEEs
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what are HICs?
Higher Income Countries - wealthiest, high GNI per head, high quality of life (e.g. USA, UK)
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what are LICs?
Lower Income Countries - poorest, low GNI per head, low quality of life (e.g. Afghanistan, Uganda)
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what are NEEs?
Newly Emerging Countries - rapidly getting richer, economy moving from primary industry to secondary industry, quality of life is improving (e.g. China, Brazil)
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why can just using GNI per capita can be misleading?
beacuse it doesn't show variations within a country (hides variation between regions / classes)
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what is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
it shows how changing birth rates and death rates affect population growth
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when does the population grow?
when birth rate > death rate (called natural increase)
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what does population fall?
when death rate > birth rate (called natural decrease)
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what physical factors cause a less developed country?
a poor climate, poor farming land, few raw materials, lots of natural hazards
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how does poor climate affect development?
poor climate = not much will grow = reduces amount of food produced, this can lead to malnutrition = poor quality of life
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how does poor farming land affect development?
if land is steep or has poor soil = it won't produce a lot of food
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how does few raw materials affect development?
no raw materials (coal, oil, metal ores) = make less money as they have fewer products to sell. so less money to spend on development OR don't have money to exploit raw materials
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how does lots of natural hazards affect development?
lots of hazards = need to spend a lot of money rebuilding AND a reduced quality of life
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what historical factors cause a less developed country?
colonisation and conflict
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how does colonisation affect development?
countries that were colonised = lower development because owners controlled economy, removed raw materials = leads to famine and malnutrition
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how does conflict affect development?
war = slow or reduce development e.g. healthcare is worse and infant mortality increases. Money spent on weapons, damaged infrastructure,
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what economic factors cause a less developed country?
poor trade links, lots of debt, an economy based on primary products
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how does poor trade links affect development?
world trade patterns influence economy and development. poor trade links = not much money made = less to spend on development
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what is trade?
the exchange of goods and services between countries
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how does lots of debt affect development?
poor countries borrow money to deal with natural disasters, money must be paid back (maybe with interest), money country makes is used to pay back debt
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how does an economy based on primary products affect development?
countries that mainly export primary products = less developed, not much profit, prices fluctuate = don't make much money
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how does development affect wealth?
more developed countries = higher income
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how does development affect health?
more developed countries = better healthcare, live longer, lower infant mortality
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how does development affect international migration?
more developed countries = high migration levels for better quality life and jobs
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ways to reduce the development gap?
aid, debt relief, fair trade, investment, industrial development, tourism, using intermediate technology, micro-finance loans
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how can aid reduce the development gap?
aid is spent on development projects, e.g. building schools/ dams/ wells = increase literacy rates, improve water supply, improve agriculture BUT wasted on corrupt governments, money runs out = projects stop
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how can debt relief reduce the development gap?
more money to develop rather than pay back if debt is cancelled or interest rates lowered
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how can fair trade reduce the development gap?
companies that sell fair trade products will pay producers a fair price, buyers also pay more to help development in areas the goods come from BUT only tiny proportion reaches original producers (mainly retailer's profits)
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how can investment reduce the development gap?
foreign-direct investment (FDI) - people or companies buy property pr infrastructure in another country = better finance, technology and expertise, improved infrastructure, industry and increased services
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how can industrial development reduce the development gap?
low levels of development = have a large portion of agriculture. Developing industry = increase GNI and improves productivity, levels of skill and infrastructure
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how can tourism reduce the development gap?
increase income as more money is entering the country
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how can micro-finance loans reduce the development gap?
when very small loans are given to LICs who can't get loans from traditional banks, used to start own businesses / be financially independent BUT not clear if it reduced poverty on a large scale
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example of a country with a growth of tourism in a NEE
Kenya - government is boosting tourism to increase development
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why is Kenya a good tourist destination?
because of its tribal culture, safari wildlife, warm climate and beautiful unspoiled scenery
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how has the government tried to boost tourism?
Visa fees for adults (and under 16) were cut by 50% in 2009 to make it cheaper to visit the country AND landing fees at airports on coast were dropped
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how has tourism increased in Kenya?
increased from 0.9 million visitors per year in 1995 to 1.8 million 2011
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what are the benefits of increased tourism?
it contributes to 12% of GDP - spent on development and improving quality of life AND around 600,000 people are directly/indirectly employed (10% of all employment) AND 24 national parks charge fees - to protect wildlife/environment AND HDI increased
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what are the negatives of increased tourism?
small proportion of money goes to locals (big companies in HICs usually) AND Maasai tribespeople forced off land for national parks AND tourist vehicles damage the environment (damage vegetation, disturb animals)
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what are Trans-National Corportations (TNCs)?
companies that are located in, or produce and sell products in more than one country
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where are TNC factories usually located?
in poorer countries because labour is cheaper, there are fewer environmental and labour regulations = make a profit
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how can TNCs improve development?
by transferring jobs, skills and money to less developed countries
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where are TNCs offices and headquarters usually located?
in richer countries because there are more people with administrative skills (because education is better)
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what are advantages of TNCs?
create jobs in all countries they are located in; employees in poorer countries get a more reliable income; TNCs spend money to improve local infrastructure; new technology and skills are brought to poorer countries
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what are disadvantages of TNCs?
employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages/ have to work longer hours than those working in richer countries; TNCs come from richer countries so profit goes back there; jobs created in LICs are not secure (relocation could remove jobs)
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what are the main causes of UK's changing economy?
de-industrialisation, globalisation, government policies
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how has de-industrialisation changed UK's economy?
fewer jobs are available in manufacturing and heavy industries - once were a primary source of employment and income
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how has globalisation changed UK's economy?
manufacturing has moved overseas - labour costs are lower. but headquaters are still in the UK = trade with other countries has contributed to Uk's GDP
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how have government policies changed UK's economy?
government decisions on investment in new infrastructure and technology and support for businesses affects economy. membership on government groups = easier for companies to operate across the world
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what types of industries are increasing?
tertiary and quaternary industries (2011 they employed 81% of Uk's workforce)
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what are important industries in the UK?
services, information technology, finance, research
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what is UK's biggest sector?
retail, employing 4.4 million people
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how important is the information technology sector?
over 60,000 people are employed in IT
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how important is the financial sector?
City of London is home to many global financial institutions. HSBC's global headquarters is in the UK
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how important is the research sector?
research and development is increasing as we're making use of Uk's skilled university graduates, In 2013 - £30 billion spent in R&D
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where are quaternary industries found generally?
in science parks or business parks (outskirts, near public transport, close to housing-accommodate workforce, near universities-access to university research
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why has the number of quaternary sectors grown?
latge and growing demand for high-tech products; Uk has high number of strong research universities to form links; cluster of related businesses in one area can boost each other
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what is the evidence of the North-South divide in UK?
wages are lower in the north (2014, average weekly wage was 40% lower in Huddersfield) ; health is worse in north (2012 Glasgow male life expectancy was 72.6 years but in Dorest it was 82.9 years); education - GCSE results are better in the south
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how is changing UK economy changing rural areas?
Cumbria - population has decreased due to fewer jobs (agriculture and manufacturing are declining) AND Somerset - population has increased due to people moving to quieter towns with easy access to Bristol
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what are the social and economic effects of the changing rural areas due to changing UK economy?
Cumbria - population dropped = decrease in services = unemployment is above average AND Somerset - house prices rising = pricing out locals, roads are congested, services are oversubscribed
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how is the UK government trying to reduce the north-south divide?
developing more powers, creating enterprise zones, the northern powerhouse
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how does developing more powers reduce the north-south divide?
Scotland, Wales, N Ireland - have own developed governments = allows them to use money on schemes to benefit local community (better public transport etc)
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how does creating enterprise zones reduce the north-south divide?
55 zones created - companies get a range of benefits: reduced taxes (by 100%), simpler planning rules, financial benefits (invest in buildings or equipment = reduce future tax bills), improved infrastructure (ensure superfast broadband)
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what do the enterprise zones encourage?
companies to locate in areas of high unemployment, bringing jobs and income = helping to reduce the north-south divide
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how has the UK improving roads reduced congestion?
capacity on motorways has increased by upgrading to 'smart motorways' with extra lanes e.g. M4
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how has the UK improving railways reduced congestion?
Crossrail will increase central London's rail capacity by 10%, proposed HS2 line linking London, Brimingham, Leeds, Manchester = increase capacity + faster journeys if built
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how has the UK improving airports reduced congestion?
UK government agreed new runway is needed in south east as airports are full/ filling up
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how has the UK improving ports reduced congestion?
new port, London Gateway, operating at mouth of River Thames. able to handle largest container ships and hopes to become hub for global trade
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how has UK's trade helped development?
it trades globally with USA, Europe, Asia. Overseas exports are worth > £250 billion a year
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how has UK's culture helped development?
UK's strong creative industries = UK culture is exported worldwide e.g. Shaun the Sheep shown in 170 countries
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how has UK's transport helped development?
Channel Tunnel links UK to France by rail = provide route for goods and people. Airports e.g. Heathrow act as a hub and provide links to hundreds of countries
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how has UK's electronic communications helped development?
it is home to offices for many global IT firms, most of the trans-Atlantic cables linking Europe with USA via UK
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how has the European Union (EU) helped development?
EU is an economic and political partnership of 28 countries. Membership gives UK citizens and businesses access to a large market without trade or political barriers. important for economy >£130 billion of UK's exports were to the EU in 2015
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how has the Commonwealth helped development?
an association of 53 independent states. exists to improve the well being of everyone in the Commonwealth countries
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how can industry have a negative effect on the environment?
it releases pollutants, greenhouse gases or damage through raw material extraction
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why are modern industrial development more environmentally sustainable?
because of more strict environmental regulations, better environmental awareness and increasing energy and waste disposal costs
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How has an example of an industry become more sustainable?
Jaguar Land Rover opened new engine manufacturing centre in Wolverhampton in 2014 - maximise natural cooling and natural light to reduce energy use, has solar panels to generate 30% plant's electricity. Most waste is recycled, some in landfills
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the global development gap?

Back

the difference between more and less developed countries

Card 3

Front

what do measures of development do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are measures of development that measure wealth?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are measures of development that measure health?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

iirraajj

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personally, this set is really good. however, some cards are a bit outdated for instance MEDCs and LEDCs are now referred as HIC and LIC countries.

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