The Cardiovascular System - The Blood

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What are the 4 components of the blood?
1) Plasma 2) Red blood cells 3)White blood cells 4)Platelets
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Explain the percentages of each component make sup in the blood
Plasma = 55%, Red blood cells = 45%, White blood cells & platelets = 1%
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What is plasma in the blood?
Plasma makes up around 55% of your blood, and around 91% of plasma is water and 10% is solutes which is mainly protein. Plasma is a pale yellow colour fluid.
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What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen (clotting coagulation factors)
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What is the role of the protein albumin?
Albumin cleans the blood, carries substances around the body, and helps maintain the correct amount of fluid around the body. It can be used to treat burns, sepsis, kidney disease and liver disease.
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What is the role of the protein Globulin?
This protein is part of the immune system, and are antibodies that the body produces to fight infections such as chicken pox, hepatitis and rabies.
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What is the role of the protein Fibrinogen?
Fibrinogen is made in the liver which is the clotting protein, it is soluble in the plasma and will be converted to fibrin which is insoluble and will form long sticky cells where red and white blood cells stick to it which causes a clot.
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What else can be found in the plasma other than water & proteins?
Mineral salts (Electrolytes), nutrients, waste materials, hormones, enzymes and gases.
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What type of mineral salts can be found in plasma?
Sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium bicarbonate, phosphorous, iron, copper, iodine, cobalt.
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What type of nutrients can be found in plasma?
Amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins.
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What type of waste materials can be found in plasma?
Urea, Uric acid and creatinine
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What are the other terms used for red & white blood cells and platelets?
Red blood cells = Erythrocytes White blood cells = Leukocytes Platelets = Thrombocytes
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Describe the role of red blood cells in the body?
Red blood cells contain the protein Haemoglobin, and gets it vibrant red colour when haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs. They live for around 120 days, and make up 45% of the blood. Everyday the body makes new ones to replace the ones that died
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What does red blood cells not have?
Red blood cells do not have a nucleus which means they cannot divide or reproduce.
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Where are red blood cells produced?
They are produced in the soft fatty tissue inside bone cavities called the bone marrow.
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What is the name of bones in the body which produce red and white blood cells?
Haematopoisis - pronounced He-ma-toe-poy-a-sis
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Where does haematopoisis happen in children?
In the marrow of long bones such as the femur and tibia
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Where does haematopoisis happen in adults?
Mainly in the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae and sternum
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What else is made in the bone marrow other than red blood cells?
Stem cells are also made in the bone marrow
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What are stem cells?
Stem cells are blood cells at their earliest stage of development, and stem cells turn into different types of blood cells.
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What happens when stem cells are stimulated?
When stem cells are stimulated they change and begin a process of becoming myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.
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What do Lymphoid cells produce?
Lymphocytes
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What do Myeloid cells produce?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
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What components are needed to produce red blood cells?
Iron, folic acid and vitamin B12.
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How many cells are red blood cells accountable for?
90% of cells in the body
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How much blood do we have in our bodies?
The average adult has the blood volume of 5 litres of blood in their bodies. Men are found to have 5-6 litres and women 4-5 litres. Blood is one the largest organs in the body, makes up 7-9% of the body weight and helps function of all body tissues.
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What are the 4 functions of blood?
Transport, Thermoregulation, Homeostasis, Immunity
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Explain the function - transport
This is the main function in the blood which is very important as blood transports oxygen that is bound to haemoglobin from the lungs to the tissues (oxyhaemoglobin) It then carries waste carbon dioxide on the return.
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Explain more properties the blood transports
Blood also transports nutrients and waste products (nutrients from the gut to the their site) Also transports metabolism products to sites and transports regulatory hormones.
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Explain the function of Thermoregulation in the blood
Thermoregulation means maintaining a body temperature which your body works best at- around 37 Celsius. Metabolic reactions produce heat energy, the blood absorbs the heat and carries and distributes it throughout the body.
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What happens to your blood vessels when thermoregulation happens?
Your blood takes control of the blood flow in the blood vessels, when our bodies get too hot vasodilation happens to let blood flow and heat to be lost to the environment. Vasconstriction happens when our bodies are too cold to conserve body temp.
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Explain the function of Homeostasis in the blood
Homeostasis makes the blood stable by causing a clot to prevent the bleeding, so it is the prevention of blood loss. When a vessel gets injured and you start to bleed vasospasm/vasoconstriction happen, platelet plug formation with fibrin mesh-a clot
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What is the function of white blood cells in the body? (Immunity function)
They protect the body from foreign invaders and infectious diseases by having many different white cells which work together to fight off invaders. Invaders include bacteria, viruses, pollen and toxins. Makes up 1% of the blood.
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What are the 5 different types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. (Never Let Me Eat Bananas)
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What is the function of platelets in the body?
Platelets are the smallest elements in the blood, fragments of larger cells are found in the bone marrow. They are responsible for blood clotting and the control of bleeding. They release chemicals which create vascular spasm & blood clotting.
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Name the 4 blood groups
AB, A, B, O
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Name the 8 different blood types
AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-
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What are antigens?
Proteins found on the surface of red blood cells, which is a substance that the immune systems responds to.
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What is antibodies?
They are proteins produced by the body to protect our body from invaders, and are found in the plasma.
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Explain which type of antibodies and antigens can go together
Antigens on the surface of red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma which surround the red blood cell, always need to be different to each other. Eg- if you have a type A antigen you need a type B antibody.
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What happens if the antigen and antibody are the same type?
If they are the same blood type the antibody will attack the antigen and the red blood cells clump together which is going to cause a transfusion reaction and the cell could die but could also lead to death.
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What is the name when the antibody attacks the antigen?
Agglutination
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What antigen and antibodies does Type A have?
A antigen, B antibodies
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What antigen and antibodies does Type B have?
B antigen, A antibodies
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What antigen and antibodies does Type AB have?
A and B antigens, no antibodies
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What antigen and antibodies does Type O have?
No antigens, A and B antibodies
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What is a universal recipient?
An individual who has type AB blood from having A&B antigens but no antibodies so they can receive donated blood from any of the ABO blood groups. An individual with type AB blood is a universal recipient.
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What is a universal donor?
An individual with type O blood is a universal donor as they have no antigens but have A&B antibodies. This means they can donate blood to anyone as they have no antigens but can only receive blood from type O blood group as they have A&B antibodies
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What kind of antibody does plasma contain?
Genetically determined antibodies
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How did early blood transfusions lead to fatalities?
There was no group X match which meant cross matching to find out both the donors and recipients blood types to see if they were compatible. There was no asepsis which meant risks around bacteria, infection & disease. And no infection control.
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Who discovered blood types?
A man named Karl Landsteiner (1900) he proved existence of different blood types as he identified 2 distinct antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.
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what are antigens found on the bodies own cell called?
Self-antigens
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Card 2

Front

Explain the percentages of each component make sup in the blood

Back

Plasma = 55%, Red blood cells = 45%, White blood cells & platelets = 1%

Card 3

Front

What is plasma in the blood?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the role of the protein albumin?

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