The Big Five, personality and IQ

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What are the big five?
1. Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness
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What is the big 5 (lexical approach)?
Emotional stability, extraversion, intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness
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What is the FFM (questionnaire items)
Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
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What is the structure of the FFM?
Trait hierarchy
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What is the structure of the big 5?
No hierarchy
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What is the hierarchical structure of traits?
Domains, Facets, behaviours
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What is the structure of the Big 5?
Just the domain
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What are the origins of FFM.
Traits are derived from biological process that have a genetic basis and are stable over time and across cultures
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What is natural language?
Evolved a rich corpus of adjectives we use to describe our own and others behaviour, analysis of this should provide a description of the main domain of personality
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What is the causality of FFM>
Traits cause behaviour and are caused by biology
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What is the causality of BIG 5
No formal causal statement. They just represent natural language
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What is the measurement of FFM?
Via questionnaire items designed to reflect the casual role in behaviour at the facet level, 6 facets underlie eah of the domains, 'i am easily frightened', 'i rarely feel fearful or anxious
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What is the big 5?
via adjectives - calm agreeable
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what is the FFM>
Structure:hierarchy, measurement: questions, theory: traits cause behaviour, theory origins: biology
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What is the big 5?
Structure: No trait hierarchy, measurement: adjective, theory: no casual claims, theory origins: Natural language
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What is the first claim?
Five factors/domains are present in both adjectives and questionnaire items
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What is the five factor model structure results?
Consistently across studies adjectives load on to 5 domains and the FFM facets onto their target domains
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Neuroticism?
Anxiety, anger, depression, self consiousness, impulsivity, vulunerability
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Extraversion?
Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions
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Openness?
Fantasy, Aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values
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Agreeableness?
Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesy tender mindedness
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Conscientiousness?
Competence, order, dutifulness, acheivement striving, elf discipline, deliberation
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What is FFM and Eysenck's PEN model Costa and McCrae (1995)?
N, E, Suggests that Eysenck's P is a conflation of C and A, is O part of the FFM or is it really part of the domain of intelligence
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What is the second claim?
FFM has a biological basis, 1. behavioural genetics, 2. molecular genetics, 3. neurological structures
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Leohlin et al (1998) behavioural genetics?
Twin studies are used to estimate the degree of genetic and environmental influence on a trait:
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For example?
E = .57 (G) .00 (S)& .44 (N) A = .51 (G) .00 (S)& .49 (N) C = .52 (G) .00 (S)& .48 (N) N = .58 (G) .00 (S)& .42 (N) O = .56 (G) .00 (S)& .44 (N)
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What is what?
Where G = genetic, S = shared environment and N, non-shared environment
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What is the molecular genetics, Genome wide associations studies?
Examine the whole genome and look for associations with genes, exploratory analysis, need extremely large sample sizes, multiple comparison rate is extremely high, corrected P value needs to be very small, any association found needs to be replicated
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Genome-wide associations with the FFM, Terracciano et al (2010)?
N: N (SNAP25 – rs362584) Region linked to ADHD and psychiatric disorder
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E?
(CHD13 & CHD23) (Calcuim dependent adhesion genes) – 13 – Heart and 23 = neuro-sensory
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O?
O (CNTNAP2 – re10251794) Linked to autism and complex schizophrenia phenotype
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A?
A (CLOCK– encode for circadian rhythms) A is linked to morningness
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C?
C (DYRK1A0) Linked to Alzheimers and Downs Syndrome
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Neuroscience of personality?
While there is a genetic component to traits, these genes code for proteins & the brain translates genes to behaviour
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structural MRI?
Show that traits are associated with brain regions associated with the behaviours linked to that trait
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Functional MRI?
: Show that brain activity on a tasks varies as afunction of a trait
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What is the structual MRI of the FFM, DeYoung et al (2010)
Neuroticism: Sensitivity to punishment: Amygdala, MPFC, mid-cingulate
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Extraversion?
Sensitivity to rewards: amygdala, Orbito frontal cortex
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Agreeableness?
Altruism and cooperation, superior temporal sulcus
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Openness?
Working memory, dorsolateral pre frontal cortex
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Conscientiousness?
Impulse control, lateral pre frontal cortex
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Functional MRI of extraversion?
Eysenck suggest that extraversion is related to optimal level of arousal. Extraverts are under aroused and introverts over aroused.
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At rest higher levels?
of extraversion should be associated with lower levels of brain activity
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As task becomes harder, what happens?
Higher levels of extraversion should be associated with greater change in levels of brain activity
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Kumari et al (2004)
Eysenck's model predicts that extraversion is linked to reduced cortical arousal, therefore examine resting brain activity and link it to personality measures of extraversion
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What happens as extraversion increases?
cortical activity decreases
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What is the extraversion and cognitive demand?
Eysenck's model predicts those high in extraversion needs to increase arousal more to perform a task
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Those high in extraversion what?
Increases their signal to a greater extent than those low in extraversion
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What is the 3rd claim?
Should be observed universally
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What is FFM?
stable across 50 cultures, if VCC is high then the factor is stable
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What is the fourth claim?
Should show temporal stability
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What is rank order stability?
The four people A, B, C & D are assessed on a trait at 3 time points. They all increase in score at each time point However, at each time point they have the same relative rank, D is always higher than C, C higher than B and B higher than A
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What is rank order?
Rank order: N = .61, E = .72, O = .65, A = .59. C = .64
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Gurven et al, 2013?
western educated industrialised rich democratic
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Therefore?
All cross-cultural FFM work on WEIRD sample If it true Universal we should see the FFM in preliterate, hunter-gather tribes
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What is the Tsimane?
Gurven et al (2013) examined the FFM in the Tsimane are forager-horticulturalist in lowland Bolivia Live in extended family clusters (villages of 30 to 500) No evidence for the FFM Reliabilities are low No stable factor structure
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What is item selection?
Deary (1996) Re-analysed data from 1915 pre-Big 5 (no selection bias) GIGO – garbage in garbage out You get out of a factor analysis what you put in. If you select items or adjectives to reflect the five factors that is what you’ll see
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What is factor 1?
Agreeableness: desire to impose his will on other people (as opposed to tolerance)
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Factor 2?
Degree of bodily activity in pursuit of pleasures
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Factor 3?
Conscientiousness: keenness of interest in the goodness and wickedness of actions
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Factor 4?
Agreeabless: desire to be liked by his associates
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Factor 5?
openness: originality of ideas
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Factor 6?
Neuroticism: occasional liability to extreme depression
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What is the big 5 (lexical approach)?

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Emotional stability, extraversion, intellect, agreeableness, conscientiousness

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What is the FFM (questionnaire items)

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What is the structure of the FFM?

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