Classical conditioning initiates the phobia, and operant conditioning maintains the phobia
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What does maintenance involve?
Positive (reward) and negative (avoidance) reinforcement
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What is the other method of learning within Behaviourism?
Social Learning Theory
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What makes a person more likely to learn through Social Learning?
If they see the other person being rewarded for their behaviour; if the other person is a role model
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How did Di Nardo support Behaviourism?
In an experimental group, 60% of those afraid of dogs could relate to a negative experience with dog(s); objective evidence
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How did Di Nardo contradict Behaviourism?
40% of those in the experimental group had a phobia of dogs, but no prior negative experience; control group had bad experience with dogs, but no phobias
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How did Ohman contradict Behaviourism?
We can not be conditioned to fear things equally; we are biologically predisposed to fear or not fear certain things (Seligman)
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What are the ethical issues of the Little Albert study?
He came to psychological harm that may never have been resolved
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How does Bounton contradict Behaviourism?
Evolutionary factors play an important part in phobias, but the 2 way model does not account for this
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Why is Behaviourism not externally valid?
The procedure and findings have not been easily replicated by other psychologists
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What other factor do phobias involve, besides behaviour?
Cognitive elements
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What is flooding as a treatment of phobias?
Making the patient face their fear head-on, with no chance of avoidance
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What is the physiological basis of flooding?
You are unable to maintain a state of high anxiety for a long period of time
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Why is the fear extinguished?
The patient realises that the phobic object is causing them no harm
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What is flooding called in conditioning and what does it involve?
Extinction; when CS is encountered without UCS
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What is vital for flooding and why?
Informed consent, because it can be so traumatic
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What are the pros of flooding?
It is cost effective, as few sessions are needed; phobia is treated quickly for the patient
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What are the cons of flooding?
Phobia can be worsened; does not suit all people; high drop-out rates; less effective for complex phobias or ones that involved cognitive aspects
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What is Systematic Desensitisation?
A treatment developed by Wolpe; slowly introducing a patient to phobic situations via an Anxiety Hierarchy
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What is the basis of SD?
2 opposing emotions can not be experienced at the same time; as long as patient is relaxed, they can not be anxious in the presence of their phobic object
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What is reciprocal inhibition?
When one emotion prevents the other from occurring; the basis of SD
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What does SD attempt to do?
Associate the feeling of being relaxed (new CR) with the CS, instead of fear; counter conditioning; reduce the sensitivity of phobic object
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What are the pros of SD?
Acceptable and suitable to more patients; low cancellation rate; it is effective
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What is McGrath do to support the effectiveness of SD?
75% of patients respond to SD
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What did Capafons do to support the effectiveness of SD?
Patients afraid of flying dealt physiologically better in a simulator after SD, as opposed to those just who did not receive SD
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What did Gilroy do to support the effectiveness of SD?
42 patients afraid of spiders did better after being exposed than those treated with relaxation, but not exposed
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What are the cons of SD?
Takes a long time; (Langevin) just replaces symptoms; (Ohman) not as effective against phobias that help us survive
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What did Watson and Rayner do to support the Behavioural Approach?
Back
Conditioned Little Albert to be afraid of a white rat (and other fluffy objects) using an unconditioned stimulus (loud noise); classical conditioning
Card 3
Front
Before the experiment, what was Little Albert like?
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