Terminology - Pragmatics 0.0 / 5 ? English Language & LiteratureTerminologyA2/A-levelAQA Created by: EmmaHolmesCreated on: 24-05-18 19:42 Adjacency Pairs The idea that interactions work in pairs (one person asks a question, the other answers it). 1 of 21 Halt (Reinforcement) Usually a 'yeah' or 'hmm'. Letting the person know that they are being listened to. 2 of 21 Exophoric Reference A reference outside the conversation ('over there'). 3 of 21 Speech in overlap (overlap) Two or more speakers taking at the same time. 4 of 21 Turn taking What is said by a speaker before another one talks (doesn't have to be a full sentence). 5 of 21 Elision or contraction Where letters are omitted from words ('can't, I'll'). 6 of 21 Fillers Expressions that have little meaning but are inserted into speech ('You know', 'like', 'sort of', 'I mean'). 7 of 21 Filled pauses (Voiced pauses) Voiced hesitations ('err', 'um'). 8 of 21 Non-standard forms Where speech is grammatically incorrect ('I don't know nothing'). 9 of 21 Ellipsis Where grammatical elements are missing ('Seen Mark lately?' instead of 'Have you seen Mark lately?'). 10 of 21 Disjointed Conjunctions Constructions that look clumsy if written down ('He's good at languages (.) French and that'). 11 of 21 False Start Where a speaker changes what they are saying mid construction ('I want to ... will you marry me?'). 12 of 21 Monitoring Features Utterances which ensure the listener understands what's going on ('You know what I mean'). 13 of 21 Repair Where we realise our utterance makes no sense and so we go back and say it again - sometimes refacing it with a filler ('I mean'). 14 of 21 Hedges Where people qualify or soften what they are saying using adverbs like 'perhaps', conjunctions like 'if', and some modals like 'could' and 'might'. 15 of 21 Adjuncts Non-essential elements added to utterances. They are usually adverbials and can be omitted ('I'll see you in the morning'). 16 of 21 Disjuncts Sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows ('Sadly, not one of them survived'). 17 of 21 Fade When a person tails off part way through an utterance. 18 of 21 Personal Deixis The use of pronouns ('you', 'I') to identify who is taking part in the discourse. 19 of 21 Spatial Deixis Shows the speaker's position in relation to other people or objects ('this', 'that', 'here', 'there'). 20 of 21 Temporal Deixis Relates the speaker to time using words such as 'tomorrow', 'now', 'yesterday'. 21 of 21
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