TEFL Grammer

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when is the present simple used in English
regular routines, instructions, newspaper headlines, fixed arrangements, timetables
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when is the present continuous used in English
describing an action that is happening now, describing an event in the future the has already been planned, something that I temporary, a repeated action
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when is the past simple used in English
a finished action in the past remember regular verbs +ed
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when is the past continuous used in English
formed was/were + present participle when talking about something that was in progress at a specific time in the past, something that was happening then interrupted by something else, link examples together
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when is the present perfect used in English
have / has + past participle used to talk about life experiences, the speaker is looking back from the present to the past, we ask about things that happened before now
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when is the present perfect continuous simple used in English
have / has + been + verb + ing The person is looking back from the present to a period in the past
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when is the future simple used in English
Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen, a decision made at the time of speaking , predictions, when we offer to do something
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when is the future continuous simple used in English
project ourselves into the future, guess or predict future events, talk about an action at a certain moment in the future
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when is the past perfect simple used in English
We look back on the past from an earlier past
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when is the past perfect continuous simple used in English
Look back at a situation that was in progress,Say what had been happening before something else happened
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when is the future perfect used in English
An action that will have been completed by a certain point in the future
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collocation grammar combinations
Adverb + Adjective - utterly ridiculous
Verb + Noun - go home
Adjective + Noun - soft drink
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what are the two main parts to the conditional tense
there is the if clause which is the condition and the main clause which is the result
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what are the four types of conditionals
zero conditional
first conditional
second conditional
Third conditional
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what is the zero conditional used for
general truths
laws about the world
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how do you form the zero conditional
if + present simple + present simple
e.g. if you freeze water it turns into ice
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when is the first conditional used
a probable situation
a superstition
threats/warnings
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how is the first conditional formed
if + present simple + will/won't + verb
the order of the clauses can be swapped without changing the meaning
e.g. if it rains, we'll stay at home
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when is the second conditional used
unreal situations
hypothetical
to express speculation/hypothesis
low possibility
to give advice
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how is the second conditional formed
if + past simple + would/wouldn't + verb
e.g. If I became prime minister, I would reduce all taxes
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when is the third conditional used
impossible conditions as the situations is now in the past and cannot be changed
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how is the third conditional formed
if + past perfect + would have/wouldn't have + past participle
e.g. if you had worked harder, you would have passed the exam
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what are the actual future tenses
future simple - will future
future continuous
future perfect
future perfect continuous
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what other tenses can convey a future meaning
present simple
present continuos
going to future
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what is the difference between will/going to
going to - when you have made decision
will - a decision made at the time of speaking
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what is a gerund
it is a verb that ends in ing but acts like a noun
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how do we use the gerund
we use it after verbs like - enjoy, hate
use it as the subject/object of a sentence
it does the job of the noun
only gerunds can be the object of a prepostion
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how to do we construct the passive
the verb in the tense we need + past participle
or
the verb in the correct tense + past participle
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when do we use the passive
talk about historical events
in a process - technical/ scientific
when we are more interested in the event than the person who did the action
to be objective
in academic writing
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what is the Schwa
it is a weak unstressed sound
it makes the u sound
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what are the two distinct types of pronunciation
stressed strong form and the unstressed weak form
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what are diphthongs
are two vowels sounds in a single syllable
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what are the two types of 'th' sounds
the unvoiced - no vibration in the vocal chords e.g. think, third and them
voiced - a noticeable vibration in the vocal chords
e.g. breathe, weather and father
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what are minimal pairs
they are words that are different by one single sound
e.g. cheap and chip or sheep and ship
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what is primary stress
refers to the stress on the first syllable
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what is intonation
the rise and fall in the voice when speaking
the pitch changes in the connected speech
changing the intonation can completely change the meaning of something
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when do we commonly use falling intonations
in wh-questions
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when is rising intonations commonly used
it is used commonly with yes or no questions
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when are question tags used
they are used when asking for agreement or confirmation
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what are the two types of question tags
one is made from affirmative sentences and the
other is made from negative sentences
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what are homonyms
the same pronunciation or spelling with a different meaning
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what are homographs
the same spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings
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what is elision
this is the disappearance of certain sounds when we speak quickly
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what is assimilation
is when consonant sounds change
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Sound problems with Spanish speakers
the 'th' sound
the vowels in general
long form if 'i' sound
'v' vs 'b'
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Sound problems with German speakers
the 'v' and 'w'
the 'th' sound
long and short 'I' sounds
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Sound problems with French speakers
the 'th' sound
the 'h'
ae and u
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Sound problems with Italian speakers
the 'th' sound
the 'h' sound
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Sound problems with Arabic speakers
the 'th' sound
the 'p' and the 'b'
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Sound problems with Chinese speakers
'r'
long and short phonemes
v
l and n
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what does ESOL SFL stand for
English as a second or other language skills for life and it is a course designed for people working in England or asylum seekers where English is not their first language
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what does iBT stand for
Internet based test
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what does ALTE stand for
Association of language testers in Europe
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what does CPE stand for
Cambridge proficiency in English
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what does CAE stand for
Cambridge advanced English
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what does FCE stand for
first certificate in English for people wishing to enhance their English skills
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what does PET stand for
Cambridge English Preliminary
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what does KET stand for
Cambridge English key basic level exam
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what does IELTS stand for
the International English language testing system is for any student from abroad who wants to study at a british university
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what does TOEFL stand for
Test of English as a Foreign Language American equivalent to IELTS
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what does TOEIC stand for
Test of English for International communication used for companies to assess the levels of their employees and needs to be updated yearly
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what does BEC stand for
Cambridge English Business Certificates which is a series of tests for any delegate preparing for a career in business
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what does realia help with
engaging
increases motivation
excellent for all learner except auditory
easier to see the meaning for lower levels
makes learning for memorable
creates excitement
helps get whole class involved
it allows students to touch and see
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why do some adults want to learn English
Personal pleasure/hobby
To enhance their CV/career prospects
A requirement of their company
To pass some type of exam
Visa requirements/spouse or partner is English.
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things to remember when teaching adults
Stressful day job
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
The challenges of learning a language and making
progress
Think about the suitability of the materials you are using
Personalisation
Be flexible
Make it engaging
Give praise to increase confidence
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what are some points on what one-to-one lessons are like
Very teacher-student, student-teacher centered
Personality clash may arise
They can focus on their individual needs
Maximum opportunity to speak
You can work at the learner's pace rather than the group's
More flexibility with lesson planning and conte
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what are some tips for one-to-one lessons
record your student and get them to listen back
bring other things into your classroom
listen to your students
have lots of material
go out of the classroom
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what are some points on what group classes are like
cheaper
student to student interactions
bigger range of activities
some quieter students
easier to create an engaging learning environment
less pressure on one person
more opportunities for debates
good way to gain friendships
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what are the different areas for ESP
business English
English for aviation
medical purposes
tourism
oil and gas
banking
accountancy
secretarial
IT
engineering
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key areas in EAP
essay writing
plagiarism
academic reading
speaking skills
passive voice
report writing
academic vocabulary
cohesion
synonyms
critical thinking
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top tips for academic writing
don't use contractions
avoid overuse of personal language
avoid addressing the reader with the general you
be precise in your writing
avoid colloquialisms
hedging
use statements rather than questions
avoid using phrasal verbs
the passive where appro
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Card 2

Front

when is the present continuous used in English

Back

describing an action that is happening now, describing an event in the future the has already been planned, something that I temporary, a repeated action

Card 3

Front

when is the past simple used in English

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

when is the past continuous used in English

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

when is the present perfect used in English

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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