Tectonic Processes & Hazards EQ1

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Subduction
Convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another and is forced to sink due to gravity into the mantle.
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Mantle Plume
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.
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Intra-Plate
Occurring within the interior of a tectonic plate.
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Convection
Circular motion that happens when warmer air or liquid which is faster moving, making it less dense, it rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down.
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Seismic
Wave of energy that is generated by an earthquake or other earth vibration and that travels within the earth or along its surface.
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Slab Pull
Part of the motion of a tectonic plate that is caused by its subduction.
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Convection
Circular motion that happens when warmer air or liquid — which is faster moving, making it less dense, it rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down.
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Sea Floor Spreading
Basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed.
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Palaeomagnetism
Study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials.
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Destructive
The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface.
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Constructive
Occurs when plates move apart.
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Collision
As the plates collide, the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate. ... If two continental plates collide, neither can sink and so the land buckles upwards to form fold mountains.
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Transform
Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges.
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Benioff Zone
Zones of increased earthquake activity produced by the interaction of a downgoing oceanic crustal plate with an overriding continental or oceanic plate.
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Basaltic
Dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals.
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Andesitic
Common rocks of the continental crust above subduction zones. They generally form after an oceanic plate melts during its descent into the subduction zone to produce a source of magma.
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Rhyolitic
Extrusive igneous rock with a very high silica content. It is usually pink or gray in color with grains so small that they are difficult to observe.
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Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
A relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Chris Newhall.
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Magnitude
A number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake.
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Composite Cone Volcano
Deep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash.
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Shield Volcano
Composed almost entirely of fluid lava flows.
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Lava flows
Streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
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Pyroclastic flows
Pyroclastic flows are avalanches containing hot volcanic gases, ash and volcanic bombs.
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Tephra
Rock fragments and other particles ejected from a volcano.
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Ash fall
A rain of airborne ash resulting from a volcanic eruption.
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Gas eruption
Gases given off by active volcanoes. These include gases trapped in cavities in volcanic rocks, dissolved or dissociated gases in magma and lava.
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Jokulhlaup
A type of glacial outburst flood.
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Lahar
Lahars are volcanic mud flows created when water and ash mix.
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Focus
The point inside the crust where the pressure is released.
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Epicentre
he point on the Earth's surface above the focus.
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Primary Waves
These waves are the fastest traveling seismic waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.
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Secondary Waves
A type of seismic body wave in which rock particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of wave travel. The rocks they pass through to change in shape.
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Liquefaction
vibrations or water pressure within a mass of soil cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another. Soil behaves like a liquid, has an inability to support weight,
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.

Back

Mantle Plume

Card 3

Front

Occurring within the interior of a tectonic plate.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Circular motion that happens when warmer air or liquid which is faster moving, making it less dense, it rises, while the cooler air or liquid drops down.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Wave of energy that is generated by an earthquake or other earth vibration and that travels within the earth or along its surface.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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