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6. How to measure the startle reflex?

  • Motor evoked potentials (MEP)
  • fMRI
  • Electromyography (EMG)
  • Electric response potentials (ERP)

7. Define autonomic conditioning?

  • Bodily responses, arousal, rapid heart rate, sweating
  • A concious preference, a stimulus is liked/disliked more or less

8. Which muscle is associated with positive emotions?

  • Zygomaticus
  • Corrugator
  • Eye folds
  • Mouth/jaw

9. What is a secondary reinforcer?

  • Subtle emotional reactions created by past associations
  • Direct emotional stimuli, responses to which are not learned

10. When a face (CS+) is paired with an aversive stimulus e.g loud noise...

  • The processing of the face associated with the aversive stimulus (CS+) is reduced in visual cortex
  • Only the insula can be affected by such face conditioning
  • FFA becomes more active when viewing the CS+ face over a CS baseline face
  • There is no change in cortical activity when viewing a CS+ face

11. What is the main argument of the perception fluency/attribution model?

  • Mere exposure effects ONLY occur in the presence of classical conditioning
  • Mere exposure stimuli effects are weakest when they are not aware of the pre-exposed stimuli
  • Mere exposure stimuli effects are stronger when they are not aware of the pre-exposed stimuli
  • Mere exposure effects ONLY occur in the presence of operant conditioning

12. When people are aroused and their pupils dilate...

  • Pupil dilation only occurs in close relationships
  • There can be learning of the emotional state of other people by monitering their pupil dilation/constriction
  • Pupil dilation is an autonomic response and confers no social info
  • Pupil dilation is only observed in young adults

13. What is the mere exposure effect?

  • People habituate to stimuli they have previously seen and so prefer it
  • Stimuli that have been presented in the past are preferred more than ANY novel stimuli
  • People conciously prefer previously presented stimuli
  • Novel stimuli are always prefered over past stimuli

14. Which brain structure and neurotransmitter are involved in the experience of reward?

  • Temporal lobe and epinephrine
  • Striatum and dopamine
  • Superior colliculus and cortisol
  • Cerebellum and oxycontin

15. Define evaluative conditioning?

  • A concious preference, a stimulus is liked/disliked more or less
  • Bodily responses, arousal, rapid heart rate, sweating

16. What is a primary reinforcer?

  • Direct emotional stimuli, responses to which are not learned
  • Subtle emotional reactions created by past associations

17. Which is long lasting and so is resistant to extinction?

  • Evaluative
  • Autonomic

18. In a study examining the perception of self pain and the observation of another person in pain...

  • When feeling ones own pain and observing another in pain, there is overlapping neural activation in amygdala only if the pain is intense
  • No brain areas overlap when feeling own pain and watching someone elses pain
  • There is overlapping neural activation in anterior cingulate and insula when observing and feeling own pain
  • There was only overlap in brain areas in feeling own pain and observing pain if the oberserved was disliked

19. Which is transient and so exhibits extinction in conditioning?

  • Autonomic
  • Evaluative

20. How is operant/instrumental conditioning different from classical conditioning?

  • The association between outcome and evaluation
  • Superadditivity in stimulus response
  • The association between two stimuli
  • The association between a response and a particular icon