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6. How to measure the startle reflex?
- Motor evoked potentials (MEP)
- fMRI
- Electromyography (EMG)
- Electric response potentials (ERP)
7. Define autonomic conditioning?
- Bodily responses, arousal, rapid heart rate, sweating
- A concious preference, a stimulus is liked/disliked more or less
8. Which muscle is associated with positive emotions?
- Zygomaticus
- Corrugator
- Eye folds
- Mouth/jaw
9. What is a secondary reinforcer?
- Subtle emotional reactions created by past associations
- Direct emotional stimuli, responses to which are not learned
10. When a face (CS+) is paired with an aversive stimulus e.g loud noise...
- The processing of the face associated with the aversive stimulus (CS+) is reduced in visual cortex
- Only the insula can be affected by such face conditioning
- FFA becomes more active when viewing the CS+ face over a CS baseline face
- There is no change in cortical activity when viewing a CS+ face
11. What is the main argument of the perception fluency/attribution model?
- Mere exposure effects ONLY occur in the presence of classical conditioning
- Mere exposure stimuli effects are weakest when they are not aware of the pre-exposed stimuli
- Mere exposure stimuli effects are stronger when they are not aware of the pre-exposed stimuli
- Mere exposure effects ONLY occur in the presence of operant conditioning
12. When people are aroused and their pupils dilate...
- Pupil dilation only occurs in close relationships
- There can be learning of the emotional state of other people by monitering their pupil dilation/constriction
- Pupil dilation is an autonomic response and confers no social info
- Pupil dilation is only observed in young adults
13. What is the mere exposure effect?
- People habituate to stimuli they have previously seen and so prefer it
- Stimuli that have been presented in the past are preferred more than ANY novel stimuli
- People conciously prefer previously presented stimuli
- Novel stimuli are always prefered over past stimuli
14. Which brain structure and neurotransmitter are involved in the experience of reward?
- Temporal lobe and epinephrine
- Striatum and dopamine
- Superior colliculus and cortisol
- Cerebellum and oxycontin
15. Define evaluative conditioning?
- A concious preference, a stimulus is liked/disliked more or less
- Bodily responses, arousal, rapid heart rate, sweating
16. What is a primary reinforcer?
- Direct emotional stimuli, responses to which are not learned
- Subtle emotional reactions created by past associations
17. Which is long lasting and so is resistant to extinction?
18. In a study examining the perception of self pain and the observation of another person in pain...
- When feeling ones own pain and observing another in pain, there is overlapping neural activation in amygdala only if the pain is intense
- No brain areas overlap when feeling own pain and watching someone elses pain
- There is overlapping neural activation in anterior cingulate and insula when observing and feeling own pain
- There was only overlap in brain areas in feeling own pain and observing pain if the oberserved was disliked
19. Which is transient and so exhibits extinction in conditioning?
20. How is operant/instrumental conditioning different from classical conditioning?
- The association between outcome and evaluation
- Superadditivity in stimulus response
- The association between two stimuli
- The association between a response and a particular icon