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6. Hall (1904) stated that...
- adolescence is not present in certain cultures
- adolescence is unimportant
- adolescence is a modern construct
- adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood
7. Caspi and Moffit (1991) and Ge at al. (1996) showed that earlier maturing girls were shown to:
- have more behavioural problems
- have higher self esteem
- be more popular
- None of the above
8. At what age is the onset of puberty for boys and girls respectively?
- 10-15; 11-17
- 11-17; 10-15
- 10-18; 12-16
- 9-14; 8-18
9. Self esteem is a protective factor against:
- High risk behaviour and alcohol/drug use
- Delinquency, depression and alcohol/drug use
- Delinquency, depression and high risk behaviour
- None of the above
10. Adolescence involves
- gaining independence from family and developing a clearer sense of self
- a decrease in egocentrism
- having less emphasis on peer group relations
- an increase in self esteem
11. Elkind (1967) hypothesised that...
- None of the above
- High self esteem leads to increased risk of behavioural problems
- Adolescents have a form of egocentrism whereby they believe their own experience was separate to that of others
- Friendships are the most significant contributor to self esteem
12. According to Lukyx et al. (2007), controlling parents are more likely to lead to:
- Identity that fluctuates over time
- Less commitment to identity
- Less identity confusion
- None of the above
13. Higher levels of ethnic identity associated with what?
- High self esteem and wellbeing
- Low level of social acceptance
- Low self esteem and wellbeing
- Behavioural problems
14. Which is true of adolescents from poorer communities?
- None of the above
- Less role models and opportunities
- More likely to undergo foreclosure
- Greater expectations for achievement
15. What is Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
- Punishment determined by obedience to authority
- Punishment determined by figures of authority
- Punishment determined by morality of contract
- Punishment determined by morality of ethical principles
16. What is the correct progression in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
- Post conventional morality > pre-conventional morality > conventional morality
- Pre-conventional morality > post-conventional morality > conventional morality
- Pre-conventional morality > conventional morality > post-conventional morality
- Conventional morality > pre-conventional morality > post-conventional morality
17. Which states are associated with emotional stability, low anxiety, low depression and high self esteem (Crocetti, 2008)
- Identity achieved and identity confused
- Moratorium and identity achieved
- Foreclosure and identity achieved
- Foreclosure and identity confused
18. Which of the following is NOT a finding of Susmen (1985)?
- Early maturers had less emotional problems
- Early maturers engaged in more sexually promiscuous behaviour
- Early maturers had higher rates of depression/anxiety
- Early maturers had more behavioural problems
19. What effect did Verkyten and Slooter (2008) study?
- How high risk behaviour is influenced by self esteem
- Difference in freedom of speech between Muslims and Non-Muslims
- How moral reasoning changes with age
- Difference in Chinese and American parental conflicts
20. According to Marcia, 'commitment/crisis experienced' leads to what?
- Identity confused
- Identity achieved
- Moratorium
- Foreclosure