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6. Hall (1904) stated that...

  • adolescence is not present in certain cultures
  • adolescence is unimportant
  • adolescence is a modern construct
  • adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood

7. Caspi and Moffit (1991) and Ge at al. (1996) showed that earlier maturing girls were shown to:

  • have more behavioural problems
  • have higher self esteem
  • be more popular
  • None of the above

8. At what age is the onset of puberty for boys and girls respectively?

  • 10-15; 11-17
  • 11-17; 10-15
  • 10-18; 12-16
  • 9-14; 8-18

9. Self esteem is a protective factor against:

  • High risk behaviour and alcohol/drug use
  • Delinquency, depression and alcohol/drug use
  • Delinquency, depression and high risk behaviour
  • None of the above

10. Adolescence involves

  • gaining independence from family and developing a clearer sense of self
  • a decrease in egocentrism
  • having less emphasis on peer group relations
  • an increase in self esteem

11. Elkind (1967) hypothesised that...

  • None of the above
  • High self esteem leads to increased risk of behavioural problems
  • Adolescents have a form of egocentrism whereby they believe their own experience was separate to that of others
  • Friendships are the most significant contributor to self esteem

12. According to Lukyx et al. (2007), controlling parents are more likely to lead to:

  • Identity that fluctuates over time
  • Less commitment to identity
  • Less identity confusion
  • None of the above

13. Higher levels of ethnic identity associated with what?

  • High self esteem and wellbeing
  • Low level of social acceptance
  • Low self esteem and wellbeing
  • Behavioural problems

14. Which is true of adolescents from poorer communities?

  • None of the above
  • Less role models and opportunities
  • More likely to undergo foreclosure
  • Greater expectations for achievement

15. What is Stage 4 of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

  • Punishment determined by obedience to authority
  • Punishment determined by figures of authority
  • Punishment determined by morality of contract
  • Punishment determined by morality of ethical principles

16. What is the correct progression in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

  • Post conventional morality > pre-conventional morality > conventional morality
  • Pre-conventional morality > post-conventional morality > conventional morality
  • Pre-conventional morality > conventional morality > post-conventional morality
  • Conventional morality > pre-conventional morality > post-conventional morality

17. Which states are associated with emotional stability, low anxiety, low depression and high self esteem (Crocetti, 2008)

  • Identity achieved and identity confused
  • Moratorium and identity achieved
  • Foreclosure and identity achieved
  • Foreclosure and identity confused

18. Which of the following is NOT a finding of Susmen (1985)?

  • Early maturers had less emotional problems
  • Early maturers engaged in more sexually promiscuous behaviour
  • Early maturers had higher rates of depression/anxiety
  • Early maturers had more behavioural problems

19. What effect did Verkyten and Slooter (2008) study?

  • How high risk behaviour is influenced by self esteem
  • Difference in freedom of speech between Muslims and Non-Muslims
  • How moral reasoning changes with age
  • Difference in Chinese and American parental conflicts

20. According to Marcia, 'commitment/crisis experienced' leads to what?

  • Identity confused
  • Identity achieved
  • Moratorium
  • Foreclosure