6. In terms of basal ganglia damage, which of these causes Hemiballismus?
Degeneration of striatum. No inhibition of thalamus, resulting in overexcitability and unwanted movements
Unilateral damage to subthalamic nuclei. Unwanted movements
Lack of dopamine increases activity of direct pathway. Tonic inhibition of thalamus and less excitation of cortex. Difficulties starting and stopping movements
7. Which of these characterises hemiballismus?
One side of body unable to stop spontaneous movements
One side of body constantly making ballistic uncontrolled movements
One half of body unable to inhibit movements after execution
8. Which of these characterises chorea?
One side of body constantly making ballistic uncontrolled movements
One side of body unable to stop spontaneous movements
One half of body unable to inhibit movements after execution
9. In the indirect pathway of timing and movements, what is inhibited less causing more stimulation of the substantia-nigra/globus pallidus resulting in no movement?
Thalamus
Corticospinal tract
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia-nigra/globus pallidus
10. What is found within the substantia nigra?
Actin
Calcium
Melanin
Potassium
11. Which of these is the circuit for readout?
Cerebellar cortex --> deep cereb nuclei --> superior cereb penduct --> ventrolateral PMC
Frontal motor areas --> pons --> cerebellar cortex
12. Which pathway favours D1 receptors and why?
Direct pathway. D1 receptors are inhibited by dopamine
Direct pathway. D1 receptors are excited by dopamine
Indirect pathway. D1 receptors are excited by dopamine
Indirect pathway. D1 receptors are inhibited by dopamine
13. The cortex and caudate and putamen share?
Excitatory connections
Inhibitory connections
Both excitatory and inhibitory connections
14. What is the stretch reflex?
Gravity acts on a muscle. Receptors output to spinal cord to say muscle has been stretched. Loop back to muscle, gravity effects counteracted.
Gravity acts on a muscle. Receptors output to brainstem to say muscle has been stretched. Loop back to muscle, gravity effects counteracted.
15. What connection type does GABA facilitate?
Modulatory connections
Inhibitory connections
Excitatory connections
16. Which of these is NOT impaired in Huntingtons disease?
Posture
Cortical readout
Starting and stopping movements
Constant spontaneous movements
17. All movements are executed in the context of...
Posture
Muscle tone
Action specificity
Orientation
18. The thalamus and cortex share?
Excitatory connections
Inhibitory connections
Both excitatory and inhibitory connections
19. The subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus/substantia nigra share?
Both excitatory and inhibitory connections
Inhibitory connections
Excitatory connections
20. The globus pallidus/substantia nigra and caudate and putamen share?
