Paralysis, muscle wasting, spontaneous contractions (fasciculation) and no reflexes
Can only activate few striate muscle fibres. Characteristic weakness in general postureCan only activate few striate muscle fibres. Characteristic weakness in general posture
Issues with muscle tone, muscles contracted maj of time. Cant maintain posture. Cant inhibit spontaneous movementaIssues with muscle tone, muscles contracted maj of time. Cant maintain posture. Cant inhibit spontaneous movement
Issues with setting posture, initiating movement and controlling movement. Show intention tremors
7. Describe the main concept of the final common pathway
All output from the somatosensory cortex that results in an action passes from spinal cord/brainstem to a striated muscle fibre
All input from the somatosensory cortex that results in an action passes from spinal cord/brainstem to a striated muscle fibre
All output from the nervous system that results in an action passes from spinal cord/brainstem to a striated muscle fibre
All input from the nervous system that results in an action passes from spinal cord/brainstem to a striated muscle fibre
8. Where are deficits found in dyspraxia?
Problems in sequences of movements (executing movements in a specific sensory context)
Problems in controlling execution of sequences of movements (controlling movements in a specific sensory context)
9. How is spinal cord mapping (gray matter) different from cortical mapping?
Different sections of spinal cord control diff muscles e.g proximal muscles are mapped diff to distal muscles. Cortical mapping is mapped by movements
Cortical mapping is mapped by muscles, different areas of the cortex control different muscles. Spinal cord mapping is mapped by movements
10. Within the spinal cord, what does the white matter contain?
Dendrites
Finer pathways
Axons
Nerves
11. What are all voluntary and reflex movements brought about by?
Contraction of striated muscles
Relaxation of striated muscles
Interactions between protein and mysoin
Cortical activity on striated areas of somatosensory cortex
12. What characterises Parkinsons?
Can only activate few striate muscle fibres. Characteristic weakness in general postureCan only activate few striate muscle fibres. Characteristic weakness in general posture
Issues with setting posture, initiating movement and controlling movement. Show intention tremors
aIssues with muscle tone, muscles contracted maj of time. Cant maintain posture. Cant inhibit spontaneous movement
Paralysis, muscle wasting, spontaneous contractions (fasciculation) and no reflexes
13. In the brainstem, what does the vestibular apparatus do?
Processes where the body is in space. Lower motor neurones near the spinal cord midline
Sets tone (overall activity level) of postural muscles and also interacts with midline motor neurons
14. Which of these correctly describes striated muscles?
They slide over each other to create contractions across the muscle length. Action potentials travel across muscle cell membrane --> calcium released allowing for actin myosin interaction --> movement
They slide over each other to create contractions across the muscle length. Action potentials travel across muscle cell membrane --> calcium released allowing for actin dystrophin interaction --> movement
They slide over each other to create contractions across the muscle length. Action potentials travel across muscle cell membrane --> actin released allowing for dystrophin myosin interaction --> movement
They slide over each other to create contractions across the muscle length. Action potentials travel across muscle cell membrane --> actin released allowing for actin myosin interaction --> movement
15. A single neuron through the nerve can...
Cause many movements
Cause a single movement
Interact with many muscle fibres
Interact with a single muscle fibre
16. Are lower motorneurones (in the peripheral nerves) spontaneously active?
No, they receive input from upper motorneurons, sensory neurons and neurons that control posture
Yes, aswell as receiving input from other neurons they can also initiate movements
17. Are smooth and cardiac muscles under voluntary control?
No, they are acted on typically by the nervous system
Yes, they are acted on typically by the somatosensory cortex
18. In the brainstem, what does the reticulo apparatus do?
Sets tone (overall activity level) of postural muscles and also interacts with midline motor neurons
Processes where the body is in space. Lower motor neurones near the spinal cord midline
19. If a sequence of movements follows a sensory cue...?
The final common pathway is activated
Visual areas are activated (e.g MT)
Supplementary motor areas are activated
Primary motor areas and visual areas (e.g MT) are activated
20. How do tetanic contractions differ from a sequence of twitches?
Action potentials must arrive within 100-1000ms of each other. Actin and myosin stacks = prolonged, large contractions
Action potentials must arrive within 100-1000ms of each other. Calcium stacks = prolonged, large contractions
Action potentials must arrive within 10-100ms of each other. Calcium stacks = prolonged, large contractions
Action potentials must arrive within 10-100ms of each other. Actin and myosin stacks = prolonged, large contractions
