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6. What are increases in activity with unpredictable reward?

  • Ventral tegmental area
  • Nucleus accumbens
  • Striatum
  • PFC

7. Where does the ventral tegmental area (midbrain) project to?

  • CA1 CA3
  • Ventral striatum
  • Limbic system and cortex
  • Cerebral cortex

8. What is the strategy that should be used by rational individuals in the prisoners dilemma?

  • Long term gain
  • Variable reinforcement
  • Nash equilibrium
  • Short term reward

9. Are motor acts carried out in isolation from cognitive mechanisms?

  • No
  • Yes

10. Motor skill refers to...?

  • The efficiency at which muscles can be engaged and actions executed
  • The ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully
  • Carried out in isolation from cognitive mechanisms, the ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully
  • The speed at which actions go from perceptual recognition to execution

11. What is a criticism of normative theories?

  • Lack validity of claims
  • Lack theoretical background
  • Do not actually represent real world behaviour
  • Lack direct evidence

12. What are the three conditions for making a decision?

  • Value of outcome must outweigh cost, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, all choices have salience
  • At least two possible choices, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, value of outcome can be assessed
  • At least one possible choices, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, value of outcome must be salient
  • Carried out with respect to cost-benefit analysis, value of outcome must outweigh cost, value of outcome can be assessed

13. What is the main premise of descriptive theory?

  • Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
  • Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
  • People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are subjectively assessed. Concept of availability
  • People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are objectively assessed to remove bias. Concept of availability

14. What is a normative theory?

  • Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
  • Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
  • Variable ratio reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement

15. What would be a manipulation to demonstrate framing effects?

  • Watches of different costs
  • A dice roll on a 20 sided dice
  • Medicine that saves/kills
  • Alcohol of different %s

16. How is game theory different from descriptive theories?

  • Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
  • When multiple individuals are involved in a payoff matrix
  • Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
  • People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are subjectively assessed. Concept of availability

17. What did normative theories lead to?

  • Theory theory
  • Simulation theory
  • Prospect theory
  • Value theory

18. Dopamine activity is an index of...?

  • Utility processing
  • Reward processing
  • Reward prediction error
  • Utility prediction error

19. What does activity in the ventral tegmental area reflect?

  • The reward value of a stimulus
  • The utility of a stimulus
  • Operant conditioning
  • Instrumental conditioning