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6. What are increases in activity with unpredictable reward?
- Ventral tegmental area
- Nucleus accumbens
- Striatum
- PFC
7. Where does the ventral tegmental area (midbrain) project to?
- CA1 CA3
- Ventral striatum
- Limbic system and cortex
- Cerebral cortex
8. What is the strategy that should be used by rational individuals in the prisoners dilemma?
- Long term gain
- Variable reinforcement
- Nash equilibrium
- Short term reward
9. Are motor acts carried out in isolation from cognitive mechanisms?
10. Motor skill refers to...?
- The efficiency at which muscles can be engaged and actions executed
- The ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully
- Carried out in isolation from cognitive mechanisms, the ability to solve a motor problem correctly, quickly, rationally and resourcefully
- The speed at which actions go from perceptual recognition to execution
11. What is a criticism of normative theories?
- Lack validity of claims
- Lack theoretical background
- Do not actually represent real world behaviour
- Lack direct evidence
12. What are the three conditions for making a decision?
- Value of outcome must outweigh cost, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, all choices have salience
- At least two possible choices, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, value of outcome can be assessed
- At least one possible choices, expectations can be predicted about outcomes, value of outcome must be salient
- Carried out with respect to cost-benefit analysis, value of outcome must outweigh cost, value of outcome can be assessed
13. What is the main premise of descriptive theory?
- Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
- Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
- People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are subjectively assessed. Concept of availability
- People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are objectively assessed to remove bias. Concept of availability
14. What is a normative theory?
- Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
- Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
- Variable ratio reinforcement and schedules of reinforcement
15. What would be a manipulation to demonstrate framing effects?
- Watches of different costs
- A dice roll on a 20 sided dice
- Medicine that saves/kills
- Alcohol of different %s
16. How is game theory different from descriptive theories?
- Bias when there are risks involved and variable schedules of reinforcement
- When multiple individuals are involved in a payoff matrix
- Concept of probability, expected value and utility and bias when there are risks involved
- People make decisions based on anticipated gains and losses which are subjectively assessed. Concept of availability
17. What did normative theories lead to?
- Theory theory
- Simulation theory
- Prospect theory
- Value theory
18. Dopamine activity is an index of...?
- Utility processing
- Reward processing
- Reward prediction error
- Utility prediction error
19. What does activity in the ventral tegmental area reflect?
- The reward value of a stimulus
- The utility of a stimulus
- Operant conditioning
- Instrumental conditioning