TB6 D&L Lecture 2; The Structure of Sentences 4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating ? PsychologyTB6 D&LUniversityNone Created by: mint75Created on: 04-01-16 17:27 What is the main goal of interpreting sentences? To assign thematic roles (subcategorisation frame) 1 of 36 What is parsing? Computing the syntactic structure of a sentence 2 of 36 Describe an autonomous parser Initial stages of parsing ONLY use syntax to construct representations 3 of 36 Describe an interactive parser Other sources and modalities of information can influence the parser at an early stage 4 of 36 Describe a one-step parser Syntax and semantics are both used to construct the syntactic representation in one go 5 of 36 Describe a two-step parser The first stage is purely autonomous, the second is semantic 6 of 36 Is parsing a recognition process? No 7 of 36 Is parsing a constructive process? Yes 8 of 36 Describe a serial autonomous parser A purely syntactic representation is first constructed, then checked against semantic info 9 of 36 Describe a parallel autonomous parser All possible syntactic representations are generated and semantics used to choose the most appropriate 10 of 36 Describe an interactive parser Semantic info guides the parser, ONLY semantically plausible representations generated 11 of 36 What is global ambiguity? Permanent ambiguity, the ambiguity is NOT resolved at the end of the sentence 12 of 36 What is local ambiguity? Transient ambiguity, the ambiguity IS resolved by subsequent material 13 of 36 What can reduce the effect of the garden path? Appropriate punctuation (phrasal structure awareness) 14 of 36 What are characteristic of garden path sentences? Reduced relative clauses and omitted complementaries 15 of 36 Why does the Garden Path effect occur according to the serial autonomous parser? The single syntactic representation generated was wrong so you have to reanalyse 16 of 36 Why does the Garden Path effect occur according to the parallel autonomous parser? 1 representation is more active than others but it is wrong 17 of 36 Why does the Garden Path effect occur according to the interactive parser? More evidence supports the analysis than the alternatives but turns out to be wrong 18 of 36 What is the clause boundary effect? Easiest to recall words within the clause currently being processed independent of number of words 19 of 36 Where is the highest load in the clause? End 20 of 36 What do click displacement tasks measure? The size of the syntactic unit in parsing 21 of 36 What is the main assumption of click displacement studies? Major processing units will resist interruption so clicks should migrate during 22 of 36 In click displacement studies, what is the clause? A major unit in semantic and syntactic processing 23 of 36 What is a problem with click displacement? NOT temporally sensitive, cant say at what stage of processing this occurs at 24 of 36 What kind of process is parsing? An incremental process; structures built on a word-by-word basis 25 of 36 What is the canonical sentence strategy? Making use of the most common structure in the language to aid comprehension 26 of 36 What are perceptual heuristics that are NECESSARY for parsing? Surface-structure cues 27 of 36 What are Kimballs 7 principles of parsing? Top-down parsing, Right association, New nodes (Function), 2 sentence nodes, Closure, Fixed Structure, Processing principles 28 of 36 What are the two stages in Frazier & Fodors (1978) sausage machine model of parsing? PPP (Preliminary phrase packager), SSS (Sentence structure supervisor) 29 of 36 In the sausage machine model, which stage prefers minimal attachment? PPP 30 of 36 What cant the sausage machine account for? 6 word sentences or right association 31 of 36 What are the two dominant models in parsing research? Garden path and constraint based 32 of 36 What two processes determine initial attachment in garden path? Minimal attachment and late closure 33 of 36 What is attachment ambiguity? When you can attach to both the noun phrase and verb phrase tree 34 of 36 What is phrase structure grammar? Limited rules, infinite complexity 35 of 36 What was the main finding of Tyler&Marlsen-Wilson (1977) Context can lead toward an in/appropriate parse, faster RT for appropriate 36 of 36
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