What is the primary immune response and when does it occur?
It is part of the specific immune response, and it occurs after the non-specific immune response. It confers immunity.
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What is an antigen?
It is any part of an organism or substance that is recognised as non-self by the immune system and stimulates an immune response.
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What are antigens made of?
Usually proteins
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Where are antigens located?
On the cell-surface membrane or cell walls of invading cells
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The production of what is triggered with the presence of an antigen?
Antibodies
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The specific immune response involves a type of white blood cell called a ?
Lyphocyte
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By what and where are lymphocytes produced?
They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow
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Where do B lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow
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What type of immunity are B lymphocytes involved in?
Humoral immunity- Immunity involving antibodies that are present in body fluids
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Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus gland
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What type of immunity are T lymphocytes involved in?
Cell-mediated immunity- Immunity involving body cells
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What cells do lymphocytes respond to?
An organism's own cells that have been infected by non-self material from a different species (virus, bacterium) and cells from individual os the same species as they are genetically different
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What differs from each cells that makes it so that myphocytes can recognise them as non-self?
The antigens on their surfaces are all different to the body's own
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How can T lyphocytes recognise a phagocyte that has engulfed and hydrolyse a pathogen?
The phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens on its own cell-surface membrane
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How can T lymphocytes recognise body cells invaded by a virus as non-self?
Some of the viral antigens are presented on the body cell's own cell-surface membrane
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How can T lymphocytes recognise cancer cells as non-self?
As they are abnormal body cells, they are different to our own body cells and therefore have different antigens on their surface
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What are cells that display foreign antigens on their surface called?
Antigen-presenting cells
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What is the response of a T lymphocyte to a pathogen?
- Pathogen invades body cells or are taken in by phagocytes - The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane - Receptors on a specific helper T cell fit exactly onto these antigens -->
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- This attachment activates the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells
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What four things do the clone of T cells do?
- Develop into memory cells to prevent future infection by that same pathogen - Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis - Stimulate B cells to divide and secrete their antibody - Activate cytotoxic T cells
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What do cytotoxic T cells do?
They kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens
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How do cytotoxic cells carry out their function?
They release a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell-surface membrane so that it becomes permeable to all substances and the cell dies as a result
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Why are cytotoxic T cells particularly useful for killing viruses?
Cytotoxic cells kill infected body cells and as virurses replicate inside living cells cytotoxic cells can kill the cells before the viruses are replicated, released and infect other cells
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is an antigen?
Back
It is any part of an organism or substance that is recognised as non-self by the immune system and stimulates an immune response.
Card 3
Front
What are antigens made of?
Back
Card 4
Front
Where are antigens located?
Back
Card 5
Front
The production of what is triggered with the presence of an antigen?
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