Support

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Define Social Support (colloquial definition)
"Knowing that one is loved and that others will do all that they can when a problem arises"
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Define Social Support (academic definition)
"An exchange oof resources between at least two individuals percieved by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient"
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Define Social Group
"All those supportive and potentially supportive people in an athlete's or exerciser's environment"
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Who can make up a social group?
Parents, siblings, relatives, partners and friends, role models, teammates, coaches and trainers, sport scientists and medical.
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What are the 5 layers of a social network?
1 - Acquaintances, 2 - People to share activities (e.g. gym class), 3 - friends to visit (non-sporting), 4 - someone to help in difficuly times (e.g. teammate not a close friend but supports you), 5 - confidants (close and trusted friends)
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What are the 3 types of support?
1 - Social Integration, 2 - Percieved Support, 3 - Enacted Support
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Describe Social Integration
The number of different types of relationships in an athlete's support network
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Describe Percieved Support
A subjective judgement that support will be provided if needed/the potential access to support.
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Describe Enacted (or Recieved) Support
Specific helping actions provided by members of an athlete's support network within a specific timeframe. (Actual support you recieve)
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Name the 4 dimensions of support
1 - Emotional support, 2 - Esteem support, 3 - Informational support, 4 - Tangiable support
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Describe Emotional Support
Being there for comfort and security, leading to an athlete feeling loved and cared for (e.g. when athlete is emotional/stressed/anxious/angry before competition, after being dropped from team, having won a medal)
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Describe Esteem Support
Bolstering an athlete's sense of competence or self-esteem (e.g. verbal persuasion - Bandura's self-efficacy theory)
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Describe Informational Support
Providing an athlete with advice or guidance (e.g. what race to enter, training programme to do)
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Describe Tangiable Support
Providing an athlete with concrete instrumental assistance (physically assisting with a skill; e.g. golf swing)
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What are the 2 main theoretical models that give explanations for why/how social support gives positive outcomes?
1 - Main (or Direct) Effect, and 2 - Stress Buffering (or reduction or protective effects)
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Describe the Main (or Direct) effect
Increase in social support are related to increase in positive outcomes/performance. Main effects = social integration elements
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Describe Stress Buffering (or reduction or protection) Effects
Social support influences the relationship between a stressor and outcome (via appraisal). Protect or reduce negative effect of stressor.
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Social Support as a stress buffering effect can be either a __________ or _________ variable.
Moderating or Mediating Variable
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Describe a Moderating Variable
Influences the relationship between two factors (e.g. off the tracks effecting the train).
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Describe a Mediating Variable
A variable that links two factors (e.g. on the train tracks effecting the train)
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At low levels and high levels of stress, what effect does stress buffering have?
Low levels = no difference in +ve outcomes between those with high and low levels of support. High levels of stress = Higher levels of support -> more +ve outcomes compared with lower supported people
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What does support do to the effects of stress?
Support either PROTECTS from potential negative effects of stress or REDUCES the actual negative effects of stress
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What elements is stress buffering commonly related to?
Enacted Elements (not the number but the quality of the relationships and support)
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What 5 things make support effective?
1 - Initial levels of percieved support, 2 - matching of support to situation, 3 - context, 4 - provider's expertise in providing social support, 5 - timing of support
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Who benefits most from initial support?
Those with low levels of initial support
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Matching the situation - why is the matching hypothesis?
Uncontrollable events need emotional and/or esteem support. Controllable events need informational and/or tangible support
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Which support is more beneficial in a performance context?
Esteem support is more beneficial than informational and tangible.
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How does the provider's expertise in providing social support effect differing perceptions of usefuless?
Level of knowledge and expertise, the quality of the relationship, whether they have experiences similar situations.
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When is timing of support most beneficial?
More beneficial after appraisal than before it has been requested
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Describe 'Invisible Support'
A teammate requests support on a shared task to assist a struggling teammate, or a teammate highlighting how they are overcoming their 'own problem' to influence someone else.
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Applied Implications and Practical Recommendations - how many are there?
There are 7
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Number 1
Even the most well-intentioned, professionally-led support unterventions can be experienced by recipients negatively
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Number 2
Need to be carefully planned to bolster, not undermine, the recipient's autonomy, control or self-efficacy
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Number 3
Athletes should not feel they have to 'go it alone' in pursuit of success
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Number 4
Athletes should be encouraged to be proactive in seeking and using support (it is not a sign of weakness!)
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Number 5
There should be an appreciation of the differences between percieved and enabled support
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Number 6
Generate an understanding of and maximise the use of different dimensions of social support
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Number 7
There should be an awareness of the risks inherent in the provision of support
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Social Support (academic definition)

Back

"An exchange oof resources between at least two individuals percieved by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient"

Card 3

Front

Define Social Group

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who can make up a social group?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the 5 layers of a social network?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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