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Four tests for alcohols

1) Phosphourous pentachloride or thionyl chloride 2) By making an ester add carboxylic acid 3) The iodoform test 4) Acidified Potassium Dichromate

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3 Tests for aldehydes/Ketones

1) Fehlings solution 2) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 3) Warm with Tollens reagent

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1) test for aldehyde/ketone- Boil with fehlings solution

Blue solution gives red brown ppt. Deductions-( Primary or secondary alchol) Aldehyde. Cu2+(aq) ---> CU20 which is reduced

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1) test for aldehyde/ketone- 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine

Orange/yellow ppt. Deducitons c=o group so aldehyde or ketones

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1) test for aldehyde/ketone- warm with tollens reagent

Silver mirror. Deductions- aldehyde

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3 tests for carboxylic acids

1)

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1 test for ester

Warm with alcohol and add a few drops of conc sulphuric acid followed by sodium carbonate (aq) - which is to remove the unreacted acid

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Carboxylic acid and PCl5/ SOCl3

Effervesence, misty steamy fumes, turns damp blue litmus red,forms white fumes with conc ammonia. Deductions- the gas is HCL and compound contains OH therefore either alcohol or carboxylic acid

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Carboxylic acid and sodium/potassium hydrogen carbonate or sodium carbonate

Effervesence, The gas evolved turns damp blue litmus paper pink, turns limewater milky. Deductions gas is C02 and compound contains carboxylic acid

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Carboxylic acid and magnesium

Effervesence - Gas burns with a squeeky pop. Deductions- gas is H2 and compound contains carboxylic acid group

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Ester and alcohol

Sweet glue like smell which forms an immiscible layer with water. Deductions ester formed and compound x is a carboxylic acid

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Group 1&2 salts

white and form colourless solutions

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Transition Metal ions

Coloured salts which form coloured solutions

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Method for flame test

1) nichrome wire dipped in conc HCL and put in bunsen burner flame until no colour appears 2) Dip into conc HCL and then into wire to be tested 3)Put loaded wire to flame and observe colour

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Why do you dip into conc HCL before into sample for flame test

To ensure all salts are converted to the soluble more volatile chloride salt

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Flame test - Lithium ion

scarlet flame (obscured through blue glass)

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Flame test - sodium ion

Yellow flame (obscured through blue glass)

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Flame test- Potassium ion

Lilac flame- (visible through blue glass)

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Flame test- calcium ion

Brick red flame

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Flame test- strontium ion

Crimson flame (appears pink through blue glass)

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Flame test- Barium ion

Apple green flame

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Flame test- Copper ion

Blue green flame

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Definition for precipitate

When two CLEAR aqueous solutions are mixed and an insoluble compound is formed

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Name soluble salts

~sodium potassium and ammonium salts ~ All nitrates ~Most chlorides, Bromides & iodides (except silver and lead ones) ~ Most sulphates (except lead & barium ones) ~ Calcium sulphate is slightly soluble

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Name insoluble salts

~Most carbonates (except sodium, potassium & ammonium ones) ~Most hydroxides ( except sodium, potassium & ammonium ones) ~Calcium hydroxide is slightyl soluble ~ Most oxides (except sodium, potassium & calcium oxides)

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Distuinguishing between cations

1) dissolve in water 2) add aquaeous sodium hydroxide

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Ammonium ion

1)A white solid which dissolves to form colourless solution (ammonium) 2) Addition of NAOH (aq) a pungent gas is evolved turning damp red litmus blue, forms white fumes with HCl ~Gas=ammonia and compound contains ammonium ion

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Magnesium ion

1)A white solid which dissolves to form colourless solution ( group 2 ion present) 2) Addition of NAOH white ppt which does not dissolve in excess NAOH ~a GROUP 2 metal ion forms an insoluble hydroxide Mg 2+ ion

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Zinc ion. Aluminium ion, lead ion ,tin ion

1)A white solid which dissolves to form colourless solution (amphoteric ion present) 2) Addition of NAOH (aq) white ppt which does not dissolve in excess NAOH to form colourless solution ~

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A transition Metal ion

A insert colour solid which dissolves to form a COLOURED solution ( transition metal ion present) ~ Addition of NAOH(aq) coloured ppt forms which does/does not dissovles in excess NAOH

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[Cr

Blue Green solution

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[Mn

Pale Pink solution

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[Fe

pale green solution

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[Fe

Yellow solution

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[Co

Pink solution

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[Ni

Green solution

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[Cu

Blue solution

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[Zn

Colourless solution

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[Ag

Colourless solution

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Aqueous solutions of

Violet

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Aqueous solutions of

green

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Aqueous solutions of

blue

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Aqueous solutions of

yellow

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