Structures and functions of living organisms
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- Created by: Ellie
- Created on: 15-04-13 15:28
Describe the levels of organisation within organisms
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, body
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Unspecialised animal cells have;
a cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm and a nucleas
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Unspecialised plant cells have:
the same as animal cells but with a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vacuole
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What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst which is a protein
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What is the role of a nucleas?
it controls the cells activity
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What are chloroplasts for?
Making chlorophyll inorder to photosynthesise
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What is the role of the membrane?
control the movement of substances in and out of the cell
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What is the role of the Vacuole?
it keeps the cell turgid
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Why do cells have a cell wall?
To strengthen the cell
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What are the elements present in Protein?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
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What are the elements present in carbohydrates and lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
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Describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
large molecules made up from smaller basic units
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Where are starch and glycogen from?
simple sugars
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Where is protein from?
amino acids
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Where are lipids from?
Fatty acids and glycerol
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What is the test for starch?
add iodine and if starch is present it will go blue/black
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What is the test for glucose?
Add benedicts solution and heat in a water bath any colour other than blue shows glucose is present\
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What is the molecule an enzyme acts on called?
Substrate
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Where does the substrate enter the enzyme?
active site
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How does the temperature effect the rate of an enzymes reaction?
the > the temperature the > the energy and the more collisions and therefore a quicker rate.
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When does an enzyme denature?
at 40 degrees
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How does the concentration effect the rate of an enzymes reaction?
The rate is increased by raising the concentration but enzymes work best at neutral
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Define diffusion
the diffusion of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (passive)
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What is meant by passive?
takes place down a concentration gradient
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Define osmosis
movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
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Define active transport
when substances are moved against a concentration gradient ( from a low concentration to a high concentration)
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What factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells?
temperature, surface area, concentration gradient and surface area to volume ratio
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 +light = C6H1206 + 602
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How can the rate of photosynthesis be increased?
increasing CO2 levels, increasing temperature and increasing light intensity
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What do plants use glucose for
respiration, storage of starch, creation of fats and oils and turning into cellulose
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How is the cuticle adapted for photosynthesis?
stops leaf losing water
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How is the Epidermis adapted for photosynthesis?
It protects the leaf
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How are the Palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?
full of chloroplasts
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Why does a leaf have airspaces?
to increase the surface area of the leaf to maximise gas exchange across spongey mesophyll cells
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How is the shape of a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?
Thin so it has a large surface area
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What is the function of the Stoma?
they allow exchange of CO2 and O2
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What is the function of the guard cells?
They allow the stoma to open and close to stop water loss
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Which mineral makes amino acids?
Nitrates
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What does magnesium do?
It forms part of the chlorophyll molecule
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What is potassium essential for?
cell membranes
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What is phosphate essential for?
DNA and cell membranes
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Give an example of Vitamin A and its functions
Fish/cheese/egg - it forms rods and cones
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What happens if you have a lack of vitamin A?
blindness
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Give an example of Vitamin C and its functions
Citrus fruit - it forms collagen to help skin and bone development
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What happens if you have a lack of vitamin C?
scurvy
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Give an example of Vitamin D and its functions
Fish/sunlight - regulates growth
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What happens if you have a lack of Vitamin D?
scurvy
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Give an example of Calcium and its functions
Milk/cheese - bone and muscle growth
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What happens if you have a lack of calcium?
osteoporosis
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Give an example of Iron and its functions
Red meat/vegetables - Haemoglobin
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What happens if you have a lack of iron?
anaemia
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What is the order of the human alimentary canal?
Mouth - Oesophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine and pancreas
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What is the function of the mouth?
To chew food
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What is the function of the oesophagus?
sends food from mouth to stomach using peristalsis
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What is peristalsis?
pushing food along by contracting and relaxing
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What is the function of the stomach?
Churn food up it produces Hydrochloric acid to help kill bacteria and it produces pepsin to break down proteins
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What is the function of the small intestine?
Produces glucose and amino acids and removes minerals, vitamins and nutrients from food into the blood
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What is the function of the large intestine?
It reabsorbs water
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What is the function of the pancreas?
It helps move food through the intestine. It breaks down protein carbohydrates and fats.
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Where are Bile salts stored and made and what do they do?
they're made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It emulsifies lipids and neutralises the ph.
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Define Ingestion
taking food in
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Define digestion
breaking food down
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Define Absorption
taking molecules into the blood stream
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Define assimilation
using food molecules to build new molecule
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Define egestion
removing unwanted food from the digestive system
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How is the small intestine adapted for digestion?
thin wall - speeds up diffusion. Rich blood supply - increases the concentration gradient. Intestine length and villi - increase surface area.
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Where does gas exchange take place?
In the lungs
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How do we filter out dirt?
cilla and mucus
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Describe inhalation
Diaphragm contracts so the volume of chest cavity expands. The external intercorsal muscles contract pulling ribs up and out so theres a lower pressure than outside the body.
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How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
large surface area - rich blood supply - short diffusion distances
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Describe the process of gas exchange
Blood containing a low concentration of O2 and a high concentration of CO2 enters. The CO2 diffuses out and O2 diffuses in.
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What can tar and other chemicals in tobacco cause?
lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema
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What does the carbon monoxide in a cigarette do?
reduces the amount of oxygen in smokers blood
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What does anaerobic respiration produce?
lactic acid
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What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose = lactic acid
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What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide
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What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
anaerobic respiration is when cells respire without oxygen and aerobic respiration is respiration with oxygen
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Which gases diffuse in and out of leaves?
CO2 and O2
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What does the production of glucose depend on?
light intensity, co2 levels,water and temperature
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How do mesophyll cells increase the rate of gas exchange?
they have a large surface area
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How are the stomata distributed?
spread across the leaf to increase diffusion rate.
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What does the phloem do?
It takes sucrose and amino acids up and down the stem
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What does the xylem do?
It takes water and minerals up the stem
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What is the role of root hair cells?
increase surface area to increase rate of diffusion
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Why do plants need water?
photosynthesis, transporting things, cooling the plant
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What is a plasma?
mostly water used for transporting things around the body
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What is a red blood cell?
adapted to carry oxygen around the body. Filled with haemoglobin. Biconcave disk. No nucleas.
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What is the role of a platelet?
stop blood loss and entry of microorganisms by clotting blood
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What is the role of a white blood cell and what are the two types?
they're part of the immune system. Lymphocytes and phagocytes
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Describe how a vaccination works
A person is injected with antigens from a specific disease causing pathogen. Lymphocytes multiply and kill the pathogen - they produce memory cells making someone immune to that disease
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Describe a contraction in the heart
1. blood enters atria 2. they both contract pushing the blood into the ventricle through the Mital and tricuspid valves. 3. when full the ventricles contract 4. the tricuspid and Mital valves close to stop back flow.5. blood is forced out of heart
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How does adrenaline affect the heart?
It beats faster and harder which increases the volume of blood pumped per beat per minute
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What does an artery do?
It carries blood away from the heart
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What does a vein do?
It carries low pressure blood towards the heart
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What size lumen does a vein have?
large
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Unspecialised animal cells have;
Back
a cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm and a nucleas
Card 3
Front
Unspecialised plant cells have:
Back
Card 4
Front
What is an enzyme?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is the role of a nucleas?
Back
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