Structure & Function of Nervous System

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  • Created by: psychgem
  • Created on: 12-05-17 21:24
Front
Rostral
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Back
Caudal
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Top
Dorsal
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Bottom
Ventral
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Towards the Side
Lateral
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Towards the Middle
Medial
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Same Side
Ipsilateral
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Opposite Side
Contralateral
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Main/central axis of the nervous system
Neuraxis
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Transverse Section
Perpendicular to neuraxis - Coronal - Divided into lateral/medial
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Sagittal Section
Parallel to neuraxis - Divided into rostral/caudal
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Horizontal Section
Parallel to ground and neuraxis - Divided into dorsal/ventral - Only applicable for brain
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Midsagittal Section
Through the corpus callosum - Parallel to neuraxis - Divided into rostral/caudal
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Dura Mater
Tough, flexible, outermost membrane
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Arachnoid Membrane
Middle layer of meninges
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Pia Mater
Last layer of meninges, adheres to surface of brain
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Manufactures Cerebrospinal Fluid
Choroid Plexus
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Forebrain
Telencephalon
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Midbrain
Mesencephalon
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Hindbrain
Myelencephalon
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Telencephalon
Cerebrum, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia
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Diencephalon
Hypothalamus, Thalamus
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Mesencephalon
Tectum, Tegmentum
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Metencephalon
Cerebellem, Pons
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Myelencephalon
Medulla
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Predominantly Cell Bodies
Grey Matter
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A convolution of the cortex of cerebrum
Gyrus
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A groove in the surface of cortex
Sulcus
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A major groove in the surface of cortex
Fissure
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Most rostral region of the cerebral cortex
Frontal Lobe
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Most ventral region of the cerebral cortex
Temporal Lobe
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Most causal region of the cerebral cortex
Occipital Lobe
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Most lateral region of the cerebral cortex
Parietal Lobe
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Hemispheres of cerebral cortex communicate through...
Corpus Callosum
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Left Hemisphere...
Talking, Understanding of speech, reading and writing
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Temporal Lobe consists of...
Auditory association & primary auditory cortices
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Occipital Lobe consists of...
Visual association & primary visual cortices
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Frontal Lobe consists of...
Motor association & primary motor association cortices
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Parietal Lobe consists of...
Somatosensory association & primary somatosensory association cortices
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Limbic System consists of...
Hippocampus, Fornix, Amygdala, Mammillary Bodies
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Basal Ganglia consists of...
Putamen, Caudate, Globus Pallidus
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Degeneration of basal ganglia leads to...
Parkinson's Disease
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Thalamus is...
Set of nuclei that project and receive sensory and motor information from the cerebral cortex
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Thalamus connected by...
Massa Intermediate
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Thalamus OUTput...
Motor information from the cerebrum to ventralateral nucleus which project to primary motor cortex
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Thalamus INput...
Sensory information: visual from the lateral geniculate nucleus; auditory from the medial geniculate nucleus
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The Hypothalamus...
Organises survival-related behaviour, releases hormones via the pituitary gland
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Tectum contains...
the superior and inferior colliculi
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Tegmentum contains...
periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus & substantia nigra
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Superior and Inferior colliculi
In brain stem, ventral to the Thalamus & Hypothalamus
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Periaqueductal Gray Matter
Surrounds cerebral aqueduct, involved in species-typical behaviour, controls sequences of moving (fighting and mating)
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Reticular Formation
Large structure with a diffuse of interconnected network, receives sensory information and projects it to cortex, thalamus & spinal cord
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Red Nucleus
Large nucleus, receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex, sends output to the spinal cord
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Substantia Nigra
Communication between neurons and caudate, putamen & basal ganglia (Telencephalon)
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Tectum and Tegmentum are part of the...
Mesencephalon
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INput: sensory information from visual, auditory, vestibular & proprioceptive systems, part of the motor system, involved in performance of coordinated movements
Cerebellum
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Which two are connected
reticular formation of mesencephalon & pons of metencephalon
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Most dorsal nerve of the metencephalon structure
trigeminal nerve
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superior cerebellar peduncle involved with...
Visual colliculus of tectum
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Medulla Oblongata involved with...
Reticular Formation
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Regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory systems & skeletal muscle tonus
Medulla Oblongata
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Medulla is the most ... part of the Brain
Ventral
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Death by hanging caused by...
Damage to Medulla
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... Individual Vertebrae
24
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Dorsal Roots
spinal roots containing the incoming (afferent) sensory fibres
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Spinal Roots
Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissues which fuse and form a spinal nerve
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Order of membranes covering the spinal cord...
Vertebrae, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Subarachnoid Space
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What takes the longest time?
PET
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrodes attached to surface of the scalp and reflect brain's global activity
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Advantages of EEG and ERP
High temporal resolution (Brain)
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CT...
x-rays, structural function, good for large structures, can't discriminate between grey and white matter closer than 5mm
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MRI...
magnetic, high spatial resolution, can discriminate between sulci and gyri
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fMRI...
magnetic change in deoxygenated haemoglobin, poor spatial resolution, maps can show areas of activity
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PET...
radioactive chaser injected, variations in blood flow measured, low spatial and temporal resolution
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