Statistics 2

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  • Created by: Shannon
  • Created on: 13-02-16 13:18
What does the research design affect?
Which statistical test you use
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When will the research design change?
If you are finding a difference or a relationship
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What is correlational design?
Investigates whether a relationship exists between two variables
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Which correlational design is used if data is normally distributed?
Pearsons' product moment correlation (r)
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Which correlational design is used when data is NOT normally distributed?
Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient
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What is an experimental design?
Used to investigate whether a difference exists between two variables
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What is an independent variable?
Manipulated
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What is a dependent variable?
Measured
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What is an extraneous variable?
May have an impact on our other variables
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What three criteria's does an Experiment have to satisfy in order for it to be a TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN?
- Experimental manipulation - Standardisation of procedures - Random allocation of participants to IV conditions
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What is random allocaiton?
Each possible outcome has an equal chance of being picked
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What is Quasi-Experimental?
When all 3 criteria's can't be met
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What is a directional hypothesis also known as?
One tailed
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What is a non-directional hypothesis also known as?
Two-tailed test
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What is a one-tailed test?
Specifies the direction of the relationship between the variables
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What is a two-tailed test?
No direction of the relationship or difference is predicted
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What is 0.05? (1 in 20 chance)
The probability that something will happen by chance - statistically significatn
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If we raised the probability to 0.1 what type of error would we find?
Type 1 Error - Find effects that are not there
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If we lowered the level to 0.01 what type of error would we find?
Type 2 Error - We would miss genuine effects
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What does it mean if the bars DO NOT overlap in error bars?
A real difference between the population means
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What does it mean if the bars DO overlap in error bars?
Suggest no real difference between the population means
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What is a WITHIN PARTICIPANT DESIGN?
If participants take part in more than one condition (related sample)
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What is a BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS DESIGN?
If participants only take place in one condition (Independent samples)
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What is a MIXED DESIGN?
A combination of within and between factors - More than 1 IV is needed
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What are the 2 advantages of WITHIN PPT DESIGN?
- Fewer ppts required - greater control over confounding variables e.g. individual differences
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What are the 2 advantages of BETWEEN PPT design?
Removes the chance of practice or fatigue effects - Harder for ppts to guess the purpose of the study
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What are the 2 disadvantages of WITHIN PPT DESIGN?
Increased chance of practice or fatigure - incerased chance of ppt guessing the study = demand characteristics
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What are the 2 disadvantages of BETWEEN PPT DESIGN?
More ppts required - Not much control over confounding variables - individual differences
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What do T-test show?
If there is a significant difference between the means of 2 conditions
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What is the independent (unrelated) t-test?
Calculates whether the mean scores from 2 different groups are significantly different
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When does independent t-test work best?
When score is normally distributed
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What does the independent t-test use?
Means from two different samples of ppts
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When do you NOT use an unrelated T-test?
When you have 3 or more groups of ppt
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What test should you use
ANOVA
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When do you use a RELATED t-test
If you have 2 sets of scores from one group of ppts
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What is a paired t-test?
Paired
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What is the formula for T-test
Difference between group means (M1-M2) / Variability of groups (Measure of spread within groups) - See sheet
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The higher the T- value....
The bigger the difference - less likely to accept null hypothesis
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What does the T- value tell us?
About the size of the difference (magnitude)
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What is the issue with selecting a sample from a population?
We can't be certain how representative it is of the population
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Why is this a disadvantage?
We don't use all members of the population therefore isn't entirely accurate
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What is sampling errors?
The degree to which the population parameter differs from the sample statistics
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What does a larger sample mean?
Smaller sampling error
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What does a smaller sample mean?
Larger sampling error
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What is the null hypothesis for a t-test?
No significant difference between two means
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If the population means are the same what is the sampling distribution
Zero
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If there is no difference between our means what would we expect the t-value to be?
Closer to the middle region of the sampling distribution
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What do t-tests help us calculate?
How far from zero the difference between the two obtained means is
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The higher the t-value
The more likely it is that any difference between the group means is not the result of a sampling error
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What is the degrees of freedom in an Independent t-test?
n-1 for both groups
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What does a related t-test test?
Whether one mean is significantly different from another
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What are the two sources of variation?
Variation due to the difference between the means (IV) and Variation due to uncontrolled factors (Error Variance)
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How can we reduce Error variance?
By measuring the same thing twice as individual differences are removed
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When do you use related t-test?
Single group of ppts that are measured twice or are matched into pairs
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When don't you use related t-test?
When you have two sets of scores from a single group of participants on different measures
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Give an example
If you took extraversion and intelligence
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What is a One-Way ANOVA?
An extention of the t-test
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When is a One-Way ANOVA used?
When we have three or more groups of participant (Still 1 IV and 1 DV)
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How many levels does the IV have?
2 (groups of participants)
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What does an ANOVA do?
Comapres the between group variance with the within groups variance
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What is the F-ratio
Between groups variance (variance due to IV) / Within groups variance (Error variance)
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Within groups...
Variance is minimal
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Between groups...
Variance is larger
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The larger the between groups variance in relation to the within groups variance...
The larger the F ratio
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What does it mean if the F ratio is small?
The within-groups variance is larger than between groups
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What does it mean if the F ratio is large?
The within-groups variance is smaller than between groups
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What does the null hypothesis state?
That there is no difference among the means (between groups)
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What will the F value be if the null hypothesis is true?
1
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If the between groups variance is larger than the within groups variance what does this mean?
The IV has an effect therefore the ratio will be greater than 1
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What is the significance level?
0.05
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What is a Type 1 error?
1 in 0
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What happens if you increase the number of tests on the same data?
The chance of finding a significant result by chance is increased
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When can't you use a one way anova?
When there is more than 1 IV
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What ANOVA do you use instead?
A factorial ANOVA
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IVS = Factors
Conditions = LEVELS
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What are the four sources of variance
1. Main effect of factor 1 2. Main effect of factor 2 3. The interaction between Factor 1 and Factor 2 4. Error variance
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What is the main effect of factor 1/2?
The effect that one factor has on the DV, irrespective of the other factor
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What is the interaction between factor 1 and 2
The ways in which factor 1 interacts with factor 2 - behaves differently
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What are the three significant test?
3 Hypothesis = 2 main effects and 1 interaction
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How does two way anova interpretation begin?
With examination of the interaction
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ANOVA terminology
Check revision sheet
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What does the number of numbers show?
The number of factors (IVs)
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What do the numbers themselves represent?
The levels in each of the factors
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When is anova USED?
When we want to analyse all the possible sources of variance in a study
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Parallel line in a graph shows
No interactio
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No parallel lines on a graph
Possible interaction
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Lines cross on a group
Interection
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When is a Post Hoc used?
After insepcting the ANOVA results
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What does a Post Hoc do?
Compare every mean with every other mean
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What does every significant outcome mean?
The means are different and tells us where the differences in the ANOVA actually are
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When do you perform a post hoc
If results of your ANOVA were significant and if you have more than 2 levels of factors
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What does TUKEY'S HONESTLY SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE DO?
Controls the type 1 error rate well
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When will the research design change?

Back

If you are finding a difference or a relationship

Card 3

Front

What is correlational design?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Which correlational design is used if data is normally distributed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which correlational design is used when data is NOT normally distributed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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