states of matter

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  • Created by: sophie_kk
  • Created on: 17-11-19 15:22
particles in solids
arrange regularly and packed closely together. particles can only vibrate about fixed positions with strong forces of attraction between them
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particles in liquids
mostly touching with some gaps, forces between particles are less effective, and can move around each other
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particles in gases
moving randomly at high speed in all directions. particles are much further apart and are almost no forces of attraction between them
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what happens when you heat a solid?
particles vibrate faster and faster until they vibrate so fast the that the forces of attraction between them are no longer strong enough to hold them together - so the particles can move around each other
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what happens when you freeze a liquid?
the particles are slowed down, and eventually move so slowly that the forces of attraction between them will hold them in a fixed position.
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what is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
evaporation occurs at any temperature, but boiling only occur at 100 degrees
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boiling
when a liquid is heated so strongly the particles are able to overcome all forces of attraction between them.
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evaporation
when some very fast particles at the surface of the liquid have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles - breaking away to form a gas
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gas into a solid
sublimation
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solid to a gas
deposition
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diffusion
spreading out of particles from where they are at a high concentration to where they are at a low concentration
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experiment to show that gases travel at different speeds
using a glass tube with bungs at both ends, place 2 pieces of cotton wool at either end - one soaked in ammonia, and the other in hydrochloric acid. after a while a white ring will form as ammonium chloride.
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experiment for gases cont
the ring will form closer to the hydrochloric side as the ammonia particles are lighter and travel faster - therefore travel further in the same amount of time - resulting in the white ring forming closer to the hydrochloric acid end
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why do particles in a liquid move slower than in a gas?
there particles are closer together, so they can't move very far without bumping into one another
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solute
substance that dissolves
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solvent
liquid that the substance dissolves in
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solution
liquid formed
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what happens when you make a solution?
the forces of attraction are being broken (in the solid), and new forces of attraction are being formed between the solvent and solute particles
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what determines whether a solid is soluble?
depends on whether the new attractive forces are strong enough to overcome the old ones
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solubility
the mass of solute which must dissolve in 100g of solvent at that temperature to form a saturated solution
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saturated solution
a solution that contains as much dissolved solid as possible at a particular temperature
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investigating the solubility of a solid in water
1. weigh evaporating basin 2. heat boiling tube of water to just above 40 degrees 3. add potassium nitrate and stir rapidly until there is no undissolved solid 4/ allow solution to cool to exactly 40 degrees
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investigation cont
5. pour some of solution into evaporating basin (no solid) 6. weigh evaporating basin and contents 7. heat to evaporate all water 8. when all water has gone weight again 9. heat again and re-weigh to make sure all water is gone +heatingtoconstantmass
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how to find solubility
calculate mass of crystals and water - eg 10g dissolved in 20g water at 50 degrees
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solubility equation
solubility(g/100g) = mass of solute / mass of solvent x 100
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

particles in liquids

Back

mostly touching with some gaps, forces between particles are less effective, and can move around each other

Card 3

Front

particles in gases

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what happens when you heat a solid?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what happens when you freeze a liquid?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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