Stalin S.2 - Transforming the SU - Collectivisation + Industrialisation

?
What and when did Stalin launch X
Revolution from above in 1928.
1 of 140
Aim:
Transform Russia's agriculture and industry
2 of 140
Reasons for economic modernisation
Economic, Ideological, Political + Fear of war
3 of 140
Economic situation in 1927
NEP failed to deliver ^ growth in any sector relative to 1926.
4 of 140
Agricultural situation in 1926
Production of grain and livestock fell = Grain Procurement Crisis.
5 of 140
Industrial situation
Output plateaued.
6 of 140
Production under NEP...
never exceeded pre 1914 levels
7 of 140
Stalin's view on free market
Needed to be replaced by economic planning to increase growth
8 of 140
Key goal of communist Govt.
Industrialisation
9 of 140
What was needed for rapid industrialisation
Agricultural reform.
10 of 140
Why was agricultural reform essential? (2)
Provide food needed for growing industrial workforce + release peasants to work in industry.
11 of 140
Why had the NEP causes ideological disputes?
Even while successful, a large section of the party favoured a more socialist system.
12 of 140
How and why did Stalin's reforms address ideological disputes?
Replacing the free market with Central Planning reflected the parties long standing ideological goals.
13 of 140
What concerns were there surrounding communism and popular support?
Communists concerned that peasants preferred capitalism to communism.
14 of 140
What did Stalin hope to achieve by reforming AGRICULTURE?
Convince peasants of the benefits of communism.
15 of 140
Stalin believed the NEP had...
...benefitted the peasants over the working class.
16 of 140
Why was this an issue?
As a communist he was committed to the welfare of the workers; his reforms looked to improve their living and working conditions.
17 of 140
How was Stalin's move to economic modernisation politically motivated?
By destroying the NEP, he forced the CC to choose between his and Bukharin's policies, which would cement him as leader.
18 of 140
What did Russian officials fear at the end of the 1920s?
Germany preparing for war.
19 of 140
Why was Russia at a disadvantage?
German industrial production far exceeded Russia's.
20 of 140
What did Russia require in order to fight?
The modern economy necessary for rearmament.
21 of 140
COLLECTIVISATION +
CONSEQUENCES.
22 of 140
Collectivisation entailed...
...merging small farms into large mechanised farms.
23 of 140
The benefits of this...
...Work and resources shared = greater efficiency
24 of 140
Collectivisation was a response to
the Grain Procurement Crisis.
25 of 140
As such it went hand in hand with...
The persecution of the Kulak. (Stalin believed they were hoarding grain)
26 of 140
Stages of collectivisation: 1928
emergency Measures = Rationing in cities + requisitioning introduced
27 of 140
1929:
compulsory collectivisation / Dekulakisation / 27,000 volunteers assisted with dekulakisation
28 of 140
1930:
compulsory collectivisation stopped. Farmers returned to their own farms. Chaos blamed on party members being dizzy W/ success.
29 of 140
1931:
collectivisation restarts at slower pace.
30 of 140
1932:
famine: 10M dead
31 of 140
1941:
all farms in Russia collectivised
32 of 140
Was collectivisation successful?
No, it was a disaster.
33 of 140
Consequences of collectivisation? (3)
Famine, Effects on rural areas, Effects on urban areas.
34 of 140
Factors surrounding outbreak of famine (4)
Dekulakisation (successful farmers X) / Destruction of livestock + grain in protest / Unrealistic targets and failure to meet = confiscation / Less grain produced + more exported.
35 of 140
How many horses and sheep destroyed in protest between X and Y
18 million horses + 10 million sheep between 1929 - 33
36 of 140
Exports rose from X to Y between Z + V
0.03M tonnes - 5M tonnes (1928 - 31)
37 of 140
Famine killed X people between 1932 - 34
10 million.
38 of 140
Which area was hit hard and why?
The Ukraine. Stalin refused to allow any grain into the region to alleviate famine.
39 of 140
3 areas of rural effects
Exiled peasants / Harvest / Tractors
40 of 140
Effects on rural areas (Exiling)
Dekulakisation = 10M peasants exiled. Up to 10% in some villages
41 of 140
What % of peasants were exiled in some areas?
10%
42 of 140
Harvest of 1933 compared to 1926
10M tonnes less
43 of 140
What had happened by 1932
MTS supplied 75,000 tractors to collective farms, making up for the decline in horses.
44 of 140
Effects on urban areas (2)
Standard of living plummeted / Famine = ^ urbanisation.
45 of 140
What was rationed + protein decline in diet by 1932?
Bread / 66%
46 of 140
Population of some cities X between Y + Z?
Trebled between 1930 - 40.
47 of 140
FIVE YEAR PLAN #1 (Date)
1928 - 32
48 of 140
Stalin aimed to use the 5 year plans to...
Catch up with Western industry in 15 years.
49 of 140
Who administered the planned economy and what did they do?
Gosplan. Set targets for production across Russia.
50 of 140
The plan focused on X. Give 4 examples
Heavy industry - coal, iron, oil and steel.
51 of 140
Why did the first plan, Plan 1 focus on heavy industry? (1)
These industries produced raw materials needed for future economic devel + rearmament /
52 of 140
Why was Plan # 1 suited for the Russian workforce?
Majority of workers (many peasants) had little industrial experience = suited to uncomplicated heavy industrial tasks
53 of 140
Successes of Plan #1
Production + Social Mobility
54 of 140
[Production] Yearly rate of economic growth
14%
55 of 140
[Production] Output relative to the NEP
Exceeded the NEP.
56 of 140
What led to a the urban population increasing by X in the 1930s?
Problems in the countryside and new opportunities in the cities caused urban population to TREBLE.
57 of 140
Generic example of social mobility in the 1930s
Promotions available to experienced workers.
58 of 140
Specific example of social mobility in the 1930s.
Bourgeois specialists replaced by 150,000 new red specialists.
59 of 140
How did the Govt. aid social mobility
Invested in technical education + encouraged workers to attend courses at Russian uni's
60 of 140
Failures of Plan #1 (4)
Quantity + Quality / Living standards / Black Market / Slave Labour
61 of 140
Gosplans audacious targets and pressure on managers led to..
poor quality / useless produce and widespread lying about extent of production
62 of 140
[Living standards] Stalin introduced
7 day working week + longer working hours
63 of 140
what was criminalised?
lateness, striking and breaking industrial equipment
64 of 140
PLAN #2 (DATE)
1933 - 38
65 of 140
Initial Focus of Plan #2
Develop Russia in a more rounded way
66 of 140
What industries did it focus on? (6)
Electrification, transport, labour productivity, new industries, consume goods and heavy industry
67 of 140
Why did the Plan take this direction? [Politically]
The Kirov group pressured Stalin to prioritise consumer goods + living standards, arguing this would increase the party's popularity
68 of 140
Why were the years 1933 - 36 described as X?
"Three Good Years" - consumer goods available
69 of 140
2 other reasons why Plan #2 took this direction
Plan #1 had produced vast amounts of raw materials unused as there was no way to transport them. / Plan 1 had produced a gen. of workers able to perform complex industrial tasks.
70 of 140
When and to what did the focus change towards?
1936, Rearmament
71 of 140
Why? (2)
Germany was rearming and Russian planners feared war + Kirov was assassinated in 1924 and his followers purged
72 of 140
Successes of Plan.2 (5)
Transport, Consumer Goods, Labour productivity, Heavy industry, Rearmament
73 of 140
Failures of Plan.2 (4)
Housing, Consumer Goods, Inequalities, Quality and Quantity
74 of 140
The Third Five Year Plan (Date)
1938-41
75 of 140
Focus:
Heavy Industry + Rearmament
76 of 140
How was it affected by X?
Hampered by chaos of the Great Terror
77 of 140
Successes Of Plan #3 (3)
Rearmament / Heavy Industry / Worker Discipline
78 of 140
Failures of Plan #3 (3)
Heavy industry / Administration / Consumer Goods
79 of 140
NB:
Consumer Goods always a failure
80 of 140
Russian industry by 1941:
HIGHLY INDUSTRIALISED / URBANISED COUNTRY
81 of 140
Russia was capable of
Producing enormous quantities of raw materials
82 of 140
This was important as it...
...laid the foundation for victory in WW2.
83 of 140
Describe the overall development of the Russian economy
UNEVEN
84 of 140
Consumer goods during this time vs NEP
scarcer.
85 of 140
Living standards...
Poor diet
86 of 140
Development of new industries
grew slowly
87 of 140
Summarise pros and cons
completely transformed russia into an advanced industrial economy, ready for war but at the expense of the living standards of Russia people
88 of 140
The Great Retreat:
Women
89 of 140
Why did Trotsky describe the 1930s as the Great Retreat?
It was a time where traditional attitudes were reasserted
90 of 140
In comparison to...
...The 1920s: a period of liberalisation in terms of attitudes to sex, family and the role of women.
91 of 140
Despite this perceived "retreat' the 1930s...
...witnessed a large ^ in no. women earning P in industry and agriculture
92 of 140
4 Areas affecting women
Women at work / Women at home / Sex + Babies / Marriage + divorce
93 of 140
[Women @ work] Women in industry 1928:
3 million
94 of 140
Women in industry 1941:
13 M
95 of 140
% of women workers in Russian industry by 1941? (big clue)
41%
96 of 140
Women and education
Govt increased educational opportunities. Women in education doubled
97 of 140
How significant was women's role in agriculture?
Dominated it.
98 of 140
% of collective farm workers
80%
99 of 140
Examples of female Stakhanovites (2)
Pasha Angelina (First women Tractor Brigade) Maria Demchanko (increased sugar beet yield 400%)
100 of 140
Example of inequality at work
Womens wage 40% less than men
101 of 140
[Women @ home] What was expected of women?
Run the home + resign from jobs after married
102 of 140
Time spent on domestic chores vs men
5 x more
103 of 140
Who emphasised the domestic role of women?
Communist Women's Section
104 of 140
Who / what did they encourage
wife activists to set an example to other women by running well-ordered yards
105 of 140
[Sex and babies] When were traditional attitudes reasserted?
1936
106 of 140
How were they reasserted? (4)
homosexuality + adultery criminalised. Contraception + abortion banned
107 of 140
What did the Govt promote and how?
Large families by offering grants for women with 6+ children
108 of 140
How was this received?
in the first month, 4,000 women applied for grants
109 of 140
[Marriage and Divorce] What was banned and reintroduced?
Banned in 1928 and reintroduced in 1936. Wedding Rings
110 of 140
What was also available?
Wedding certificates on HQ paper
111 of 140
How were affairs treated?
Named and shamed in Soviet Media (Trud - trade union paper)
112 of 140
Cost of first, second and 3rd divorce
50, 150 + 300 roubles.
113 of 140
Men who left families were expected to...
contribute 60% of income in child support
114 of 140
What did these measures result in?
Marriage = norm
115 of 140
1937: % of men and women (in 30's) married
91% men / 82% women.
116 of 140
THE GREAT RETREAT:
FAMILY + EDUCATION
117 of 140
What means did the Govt. use to emphasise the important of the family?
Propaganda
118 of 140
How was the working class described as?
One big family, Stalin as father
119 of 140
How was Stalin presented after what event?
Family man, following a highly publicised visit to his aging mother in Tbilisi.
120 of 140
Propaganda demonised...
...men who cheated and neglected their family
121 of 140
3 key areas education to remember
Komsomol, School + Teachers
122 of 140
What was the Komsomol?
The Soviet Youth Organisation
123 of 140
Its goal:
Turn Soviet children into hard working obedient citizens, who loved and respected their parents
124 of 140
Their message was conveyed through
Komsomolskaia Pravda
125 of 140
Who did it tell the story of?
Morozov, perfect child murdered by kulaks.
126 of 140
Komsomols attitude to sex
promoted abstinence - backed up by medical checks and police arrests on girls who dressed inappropriately
127 of 140
[School] When did Stalin launch the new curriculum
1935
128 of 140
Education in 1920s characterised by
freedom of thought
129 of 140
Education in 1930s characterised by (4)
discipline, national tradition, literacy + maths
130 of 140
Aim of school
Produce disciplined, educated workers ready to contribute to the fulfilment of the 5 year plans
131 of 140
Core subjects (3)
reading, writing, science
132 of 140
Time divided: (4)
30% Lang + Lit / 20% maths / 15% science / 10 % history
133 of 140
Under Stalin's curriculum, Russia pre-revolution was called
a prison of the peoples
134 of 140
Which Russian leaders became the centre of a new focus (2)
Ivan the Terrible / Peter the Great
135 of 140
Students taught [govt]
why communism was the best system worldwide
136 of 140
[Teachers] How did the Stakhanovite movement influence schools?
Teachers set themselves audacious targets and were rewarded for meeting them
137 of 140
Example of Stakhanovite teacher
Olga Leonova, pledged ALL her students would pass flying. Success celebrated in soviet media.
138 of 140
Which event reflected the spirit of the purges in schools (date)
The First Russian Educational Conference 1939
139 of 140
What was the verdict?
Falling standards blamed on teachers not planning rather than new curriculum or it's supporting textbooks
140 of 140

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Aim:

Back

Transform Russia's agriculture and industry

Card 3

Front

Reasons for economic modernisation

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Economic situation in 1927

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Agricultural situation in 1926

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar History resources:

See all History resources »See all Russia - 19th and 20th century resources »