Stages of Learning, Guidance and Feedback

?
What is the first stage of learning?
Cognitive- trial and error, trying out certain movements, have to recieve reinforcement, use of demonstrations, verbal / visual guidance, relevent cues highlighted
1 of 40
What is the second stage of learning?
Associative- practises compares and associates movements produced with the mental image, learner becomes more aware of subtle cues, vast improvement in performance.
2 of 40
What is the third stage of learning?
Automatic movements, any distractions can be ignored, concentrates on tactics and strategies, must keep training to stay in stage.
3 of 40
What is guidance?
A way of transitting knowledge for performers to learn or develop movement skills.
4 of 40
What is verbal guidance?
Used to describe the action and explain how to perform the activity.
5 of 40
How does verbal guidance help performers?
Can be used to reinforce good movements and identify errors to correct, can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop skills.
6 of 40
What kind of performers use verbal guidance?
Associative and autonomous to improve skills learning as well as information of tactics.
7 of 40
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
Performers may not pay attention, can lead to 'information overload', could be inaccurate meaning that the performer does not develop skills effectively.
8 of 40
What is visual guidance?
Involves the use of demonstrations, videos or other visual aids to help performers develop a mental image of a skill.
9 of 40
How does visual guidance help performers?
Building a mental image to replicate, the skill can be seen in different stages to make it easier to learn or develop, encourages observational learning by drawing attention to important cues.
10 of 40
What kind of performers use visual guidance?
Cognitive learners to help them see what skills looks like as they lack the knowledge of the sport.
11 of 40
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
Demonstration may be incorrect causing the performer to learn bad habits, may be unclear or too quick to follow.
12 of 40
What is manual guidance?
Another person physically directing a performer's body through the skill.
13 of 40
What is mechanical guidance?
Involves physical support for the performer by another person or mechanical device.
14 of 40
How does mechanical / manual guidance help performers?
Reduces fear in dangerous situations, gives an idea of kinaesthetic sense, can be used to isolate an aspect of a skill to improve or practise.
15 of 40
What kind of performer uses mechanical / manual guidance?
Cognitive and associative learner when learning new skills.
16 of 40
What is feedback?
The information that is avaliable to the performer during the performance of a skill or after the response to alter performance
17 of 40
What is intrinsic feedback?
Involves information avaliable to the performer that is internal or arising from the sensory system from the proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments and joints (kinaesthetic feedback)
18 of 40
What type of performer would use intrinsic feedback?
Autonomous learners can interpret feedback correctly and accurately.
19 of 40
What are the advantages of intrinsic feedback?
Occurs when the movement is performed so can be corrected immediately, the performer does not have to rely on others and can improve their own performance.
20 of 40
What are the disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
May not lead to accurate interpretation, or some performers have a better sensory effectiveness to interpret information provided by the body, therefore performance deteriorates.
21 of 40
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from an external source to the performer, e.g from a coach.
22 of 40
What type of performer would use extrinsic feedback?
Cognitive performers to improve performance and motivation.
23 of 40
What are the advantages of extrinsic feedback?
Coaching points can lead to improvements in performance and motivation.
24 of 40
What are the disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
Inaccurate feedback can affect performance negatively, unreliable sources can decrease motivation, does not allow kinaesthetic awareness.
25 of 40
What is positive feedback?
Involves information that is often extrinsic and rewards the performer often via praise or positive comments about the performance.
26 of 40
What type of performer would use positive feedback?
Can build motivation and confidence of cognitive learners.
27 of 40
What are the advantages of positive feedback?
Positive reinforcement forms correct S-R bonds, builds motivation and confidence.
28 of 40
What are the disadvantages of positive feedback?
If undeserved, performer builds inappropriate S-R bonds, performance therefore deteriorates.
29 of 40
What is negative feedback?
Information about an unsuccessful outcome, which can be used t build more successful strategies.
30 of 40
What type of performer would use negative feedback?
Autonomous learners who require further refinement of their skills.
31 of 40
What are the advantages of negative feedback?
Can increase motivation, performer clear about which aspects of the performance requires improvement.
32 of 40
What are the disadvantages of negative feedback?
Can be demotivating (especially in cognitive phase), affects learning if feedback is inaccurate.
33 of 40
What is knowledge of performance?
Information about how well the movement is/was executed, it is normally associated with external feedback or gained through kinaesthetic awareness.
34 of 40
What is knowledge of results?
Comes from the performer seeing the result of their response or from another person to allow them to know what the result of their action has been.
35 of 40
What type of performers use knowledge of performance / results?
Useful for all types of performer.
36 of 40
What are the advantages of knowledge of performance / results?
Can increase motivation, strengthens S-R bond, forms a mental image of correct performance.
37 of 40
What are the disadvantages of knowledge of performance / results?
Can demotivate if used incorrectly.
38 of 40
What makes effective feedback?
Depends on quality and nature of feedback, type of performer, ability of performer, personality of performer.
39 of 40
What should effective feedback include?
A limited amount of information to prevent overloading, immediate feedback after performance, directed specifically at individuals, faciliates kinaesthetic feedback to recognise for themselves the quality of movement.
40 of 40

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the second stage of learning?

Back

Associative- practises compares and associates movements produced with the mental image, learner becomes more aware of subtle cues, vast improvement in performance.

Card 3

Front

What is the third stage of learning?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is guidance?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is verbal guidance?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Physical Education resources:

See all Physical Education resources »See all Skill Acquisition resources »