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6. Ellipsis
- Omission of words without loss of meaning
- Contraction or abbreviation of words (eg. you are --> you're)
- Use of informal words and phrases
7. Phatic Communication
- Ritualistic language where function overrides meaning
- Use of informal words and phrases (eg. ok, pretty well, etc.)
- Use of 'err' or 'um' to indicate the speaker hasn't finished speaking
8. Elision
- Words or phrases used to indicate understanding between characters
- Contraction or abbreviation of words (eg. you are --> you're)
- Omission of words without loss of meaning
9. Markers of sympathetic circulatory
- A statement followed by a question
- Words or phrases used to indicate understanding between characters
- Words or phrases used to check the listener is following what is being said
10. Adverbials
- Use of coordinating clauses (eg. but, and, so)
- Often used as speech markets (eg. well, so, anyway)
- Used to break down speech into chunks
11. Hedges
- Use of informal, vague language to indicate the speaker has not finished speaking
- Use of 'err' or 'um' to indicate the speaker hasn't finished speaking
- Words or phrases used to check the listener is following what is being said
12. Compound strings
- Use of informal, vague language
- Use of coordinating clauses (eg. but, and, so)
- A statement followed by a question
13. Speech markers
- Used to break down speech into chunks, also to change direction of speech (eg. anyway, right, so.)
- Words or phrases used to check the listener is following what is being said
- Words or phrases used to indicate understanding between characters
14. Monitors
- Direct reference to the listener
- Words or phrases used to check the listener is following what is being said
- Words or phrases used to indicate understanding between characters
15. Fillers
- Use of 'err' or 'um' to indicate the speaker hasn't finished speaking
- Use of informal, vague language to indicate the speaker has not finished speaking
- Ritualistic language where function overrides meaning