Non-verbal sounds that can act as pause in speech, either naturally or to give the speaker thinking time. May signal speaker uncertainty, e.g. "Er, Um"
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Hedging
A strategy used to aviod directness or to minimise a potentially face-threatening act. E.g. "Kind of, sort of maybe, perhaps, possibly, and modal verbs such as - will, could, might"
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Turning taking
The sharing of speaking roles, usually cooperatively
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Tag questions
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?"
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Adjacency pair
Two utterances by different speakers which have a natural and logical link, and complete an idea together; a simple structure of turns. Context: A and C are walking together and A notices B. A: Good morning, how are you? B: Fine thanks you!
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Discourse markers
Signal a shift in conversation and topic areas. Can also announce a counter argument. E.g. "ok, right then, so, but"
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Back Channelling
A feature of speaker support: non-verbal utterances to show attention or agreement. E.g. "Mmm, yeah ok"
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Overlap
When Two or more speakers overlap in a conversation. The term for what gets said is: topic management- who manages the topic? speakers who dominate or control a conversation are: powerful participants.
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Spontaneous speech
Speech that is not scripted and may include, hesitations, repetitions and pauses.
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Interruptions
The speaker hasn't finished but someone else starts talking
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Interventions
Attempts to gain the floor, often made by several people at the same time. They occur when a speaker pauses but hasn't completed what they are saying.
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False starts
The speaker starts out saying one thing then stops to re-phrase, re-think or clarify what they were planning to say.
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Ellipses
When a word is left out 'Let's go Bromley' the word 'to' has been left out.
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Elision
When a vowel, consonant or syllable is left out of a word or words are contracted (joined together). Examples: I am=I'm Going to=gonna
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Phatic communication
Phrases which are socially significant but otherwise pretty meaningless. Example- a person asking 'how are you?' doesn't really want to know they just want to have a relationship, not really gain information
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Replacement of words
When a speaker cannot remember the word they will substitute it for another like 'thing' or 'stuff'
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Courtesy items
'Please' 'thank you'- also known as 'politeness principles'
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Deixis
When reffering to an object or place, the listener has to understand the context to make sense of it.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A strategy used to aviod directness or to minimise a potentially face-threatening act. E.g. "Kind of, sort of maybe, perhaps, possibly, and modal verbs such as - will, could, might"
Back
Hedging
Card 3
Front
The sharing of speaking roles, usually cooperatively
Back
Card 4
Front
We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?"
Back
Card 5
Front
Two utterances by different speakers which have a natural and logical link, and complete an idea together; a simple structure of turns. Context: A and C are walking together and A notices B. A: Good morning, how are you? B: Fine thanks you!
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