Species & Taxonomy

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  • Created by: Hindleyc
  • Created on: 23-06-18 18:14
What is a Species
Basic unit of classification
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What certain things do members of a single species have in common
-They are similar to one another but from different members of other species. -Genes are similar so resemble each other physically and biochemically, occupy same ecological niche (place or function of a given organism within its ecosystem).
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What else?
-Capable of breeding to produce living fertile offspring that can therefore produce their own offspring. Genes from the species can combine with any other genes of that species
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What is courtship behaviour with regards to species'
Behaviour of members of the same species is more alike than that of members of a different species
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what does this allow
Members of the same species to recognise each other
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What is most behaviour?
Genetically determined and it too has evolved and influences chance of survival
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When it comes to chances of survival what are essential
courtship and mating
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What does each individual try to pass on? how?
Their DNA through the reproductive process
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What can Females of most species do
Only produce eggs at specific times, often as little as once a year
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what is it therefore essential to do
Ensure mating is successful and the offspring have the maximum chance of survival
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What happens during courtship
Animals use signals to communicate with a potential mate - typically a male carries out some action
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What does this action act as
A stimulus to the female who responds with a specific action of her own
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How is it used by males
to determine whether a female is receptive
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What happens if she responds with appropriate behavioural response
Courtship continues and is likely to result in production of offspring
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What is the chain of action/ sequence the same for
All members of a species - in this way individuals recognise that their partner is of the same species and that they may be prepared to mate
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What does it allow
Recognise members of their own species, identify a mate capable of breeding, synchronise mating, form a pair bond- successful mating and raising of offspring, become able to breed
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What does clarifying a species do
Helps biologist to understand the relationship b/w organisms and allows them to keep track of changes that are occurring as a result of human pressure on the environment
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What Is classification
Grouping of organisms- theory and practice of biological classification = taxonomy
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What is natural classification
Based on evolutionary relationships b/w organisms- shared features that are inherited
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What des arrange groups into
Hierarchy
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What is it based on
Homologous structures- same structures with different functions
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What do homologous characteristics have
Similar evolutionary origins regardless of function in adult species
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What happens in a hierarchy
Organisms with similar characteristics are grouped together and these groups are contained within larger composite groups
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What is each group
A Taxon
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What is there
No overlap b/w groups and a species can only appear once
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What does each taxa in Hierarchy have
a standard name- 8 ranks
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What was introduced for naming organisms
Binomial nomenclature- both genus and species
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what is each group within a natural biological classification called
A Taxon
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what is taxonomy
Study of these groups and their positions in hierarchical order where they are known as taxonomic ranks
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What is it based on
Evolutionary descent of group members
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What does one hierarchy comprise
The Taxa
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What is in the Taxa,
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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EG of kingdom
Animal, plants, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria
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What is phylogenetic classification
Reflects ancestry when classify organism
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When is a system of classification said to be phlogenetic
When it takes into account evolutionary history
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What is the aim
To develop phylogenies- family trees representing true evolutionary relationships rather than just convinent groupings
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Taxonimists not only study anatomy of organisms and fossil records
Also structure of Proteins and DNA
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what does each species have a unique set of
Genes
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What can a scientist do
analyse an organisms DNA base sequence using gene probes and electrophoresis then computers can be used to compare the seq of different species
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Theroitcally - the more similarities there are
The more closely related the species
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What can info be used for
To determine which taxonomic groups species should be put into
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What can be done through triangulation
Estimate how long ago 2 species shared common ancestor- used to built phylogenetic tree
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Principle of Immunological comparisons of proteins
AB's from one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins eg albumin in blood
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Step 1
Serum albumin from species A is injected into species B so that species b produces antibodies specific to all the antigens on albumin from Species A
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Step 2
Serum extracted from B containing AB'S specific to antigens on albumin from species A
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Step 3
Serum from B (AB's) mixed with blood from species c
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Step 4
AB's respond to their corresponding antigen on albumin in serum of species C
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Step 5- response
Precipitate forms
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Greater number of similar antigens= more precipitate = more closely species related
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Fewer number of similar antigens= less precipitate= more distantly related species are
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Card 2

Front

What certain things do members of a single species have in common

Back

-They are similar to one another but from different members of other species. -Genes are similar so resemble each other physically and biochemically, occupy same ecological niche (place or function of a given organism within its ecosystem).

Card 3

Front

What else?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is courtship behaviour with regards to species'

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what does this allow

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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