A consensus of manners/customs/shared values within a social group
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What are morals?
Your personal code of conduct within the ethical constraints of the group
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What is deontology?
The idea that moral rules pertain to absolute rights
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What is consequentialism?
The moral value of an action is a function of its consequences alone
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What is utilitarianism?
Endorsing harmful actions for the greater good
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Which brain areas showed more activity in response to non-moral unpleasant than non-moral neutral statements?
Lateral OFC, left amygdala, and bilateral visual cortex
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Which brain areas showed more activity in response to non-moral unpleasant then moral statements?
Left lateral OFC, and left amygdala
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Which brain area showed more activity in response to moral than non-moral unpleasant statements?
Left medial OFC
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In Moll et al.'s (2002) study, moral statements were judged as higher on what measure?
Moral content
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In Moll et al.'s (2002) study, moral and non-moral unpleasant statements were rated as higher than neutral or scrambled statements on what measure?
Emotional content
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In Moll et al.'s (2002) study, were moral statements or non-moral unpleasant statements rated as having more emotional content?
Moral statements
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What is the dual process theory of moral judgement?
Rationalist view that morality is a cognitive function, which distinguishes between personal and impersonal moral judgements
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Which would most likely lead to harm to another: personal moral dilemmas (PMD) or impersonal moral dilemmas (IMD)?
Personal moral dilemmas (PMD)
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What is the 'trolley problem'?
IMD where you are required to flip a leaver that changes the track on which a runaway trolley is heading; one direction will lead to the death of a loved one, while the other will lead to the death of 5 people
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What is the 'footbridge trolley problem'?
PMD where a runaway trolley will kill 5 people unless you push a large man off a bridge to stop the trolley
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Which areas of the brain show more activity in response to PMD than IMD?
Which areas of the brain show more activity in response to IMD than PMD?
DLPFC (BA 46) and parietal lobe (BA 7/40)
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To decide an action is appropriate, which takes significantly longer: PMD or IMP?
Personal moral dilemmas (PMD)
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What PMD distinguishes between difficult and easy PMDs?
The 'crying baby problem' and 'infanticide problem'
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A short response time to the crying baby problem is suggestive of what?
A cognitive response
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A short response time to the infanticide problem is suggestive of what?
An emotional response
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The utilitarian/yes judgement in the difficult dilemma shows greater activation in what brain areas?
Anterior cingulate (BA 32) and DLPFC (BA 10/46)
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Increasing reaction times in varied brain regions is suggestive of what?
Emotion may be a driving force in moral judgements – automatic sense of what is right. Cognition also plays an important role – resolving the conflict between initial emotional response and utilitarian response
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Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) results in what behaviours?
Spared ability to detect the implications of a social situation but an inability to make appropriate decisions in real life situations
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What is the IOWA gambling task?
4 decks of cards and the aim is to win as much money as you can. Each card has a value for financial gain or loss that are not distributed evenly throughout the decks, you choose which deck to take a card from
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How do patients with vMPFC damage and patients with amygdala damage respond to the IOWA gambling task?
Do not show anticipatory autonomic responses; suggesting that they may be able to infer that a deck has more gains/losses but they do not adapt or adjust their behaviour
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Are vMPFC damaged patients more or less likely to endorse PMD than controls?
More
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In response to what type of judgement do vMPFC damaged patients act in the same way as controls?
Low conflict judgements
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What did Koenigs et al. (2007) show about the processing of moral dilemmas in vMPFC damaged patients?
vMPFC damaged patients have knowledge of moral and social norms but there is a lack of emotional input
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are morals?
Back
Your personal code of conduct within the ethical constraints of the group
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