South Africa unit 3 revision

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what organisation did Steve Biko set up?
SASO
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What was different about the members of SASO?
they were part of a generation that resisted the strengthening of apartheid
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SASO
"South African Students Organisation" was formed in 1969 with Biko as the first president. One of the premier goals was to fight Apartheid.
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what did SASO do?
Encouraged black consciouness for Black univerosty students
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what was black consciousness?
an attitude of mind and aimed to ensure that black people would be self-defined rather than being defined by others
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who founded black consciousness?
Steve Biko, he also founded the BCM
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what did the BCM do?
they published articles and newspapers promoting black consciousness
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where was black consciousness most prominent
schools
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what did SASO do after the liberation of Mozambique in 1974?
staged a mass protest at the Turfloop university, 1200 attended
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who was Abraham Tiro?
He was the student president at Turfloop; he gave a speech at his graduation that revealed the racist nature of the university, he was expelled because of this
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what did Tiro do next?
he moved to Soweto and became a SASO representative as well as teacher
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what was happening to high schools between 1950-75?
they were expanding quickly, went from 1 million children to 3.5 million
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what influenced black students?
black consciousness influenced them greatly; gave them a sense of identity
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Reasons for the Soweto uprising?
Transvaal education department decided to expand teaching of Afrikaans into African schools. Students now had to learn more subjects in Afrikaans
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why was this a problem?
Afrikaans was seen as the language of the oppressors
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what happened during the Soweto Uprising?
2000 secondary pupils marched through Soweto. they were confronted by the police who opened fire and released dogs on them
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what was the famous image that took place at the uprising?
Hector Peterson - dead in his mothers arms
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what was the significance of the Soweto uprising?
it caused the National party to lose support from other countries e.g. UN condemend what had happened. Also it caused protests to spread across in outrage of what had happened
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how did Steve Biko die?
he died in police custody after being beaten while in prison
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what was the significance of his death?
international disapproval, 1977 UN put weapons embargo South Africa, 10,000 people attended Biko's funeral
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who took control of the ANC in exile?
Oliver Tambo
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what role did he play?
he was responsible for gaining international for the ANC and he reorganised the movement so that it was stronger
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what happened during the Wankie campaign?
50 MK guerrillas lead by Chris Hani attempted to go through Rhodesia. they initially held their own, but were eventually destroyed by Rhodesian forces
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impact of this failed campaign?
Chris Hani was critical of the direction of the ANC, he and other young rebels were expelled from the movement but were soon reinstated
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what was the global anti apartheid movement?
a movement that was set up in London that opposed apartheid
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sporting boycotts of GAAM?
excluded from olympics, 'stop the seventy tour' campaign, gleneagles agreement (no countries allowed sporting links with SA)
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why was Britain reluctant to break economic ties with SA?
gold and diamonds improved economy and needed for fight against Cold War
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what was COSAS?
congress of south african student; organisation followed the freedom charter
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what campaign was launched in 1980?
'free Nelson Mandela' campaign
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what was SACTU?
SA congress of trade unions - was alligned with ANC
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what did PUCTO do?
black transport workers went on strike - prevented people from townships going to work
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impact of the Fattis and Monis strike
brought all races together as it conducted at an italian canned food factory
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what homelands accepted independence?
Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei
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what chief refused independence?
Chief Buthelezi
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why did he do this?
during the 70s he wa critical of the nationalist government and was in direct competition with other political forces
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oil crisis 1973?
price of oil doubled due to war in middle east, SA had no natural source of their own. had to extract oil from coal; expensive and only reached 1/3 of the requirement
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problems with pass laws?
increased population of black africans meant that the governement struggled to implement pass laws. The increase in population also meant higher unemployment
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what happened in mozambique?
FRELIMO came to power; overthrew nationalsit government. FRELIMO was a socialist organisation and supported the ANC
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Zimbabwe?
ZANU won a convincng election victory; president Robert Mugabe. Didn't let MK or ANC settle in zimbabwe as he was cautious with dealings with SA
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Angola and Namibia?
Angola became independent in 1975; SA government believed that it would become a base for the Namibian liberation movement SWAPO. They increased military presence on the Namibian border.
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what did the National split into?
Verligte and Verkrampte
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Verligte?
Reformers; wanted to adapt to the change in social and political realities
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Verkrampte?
wanted stricter more rapid seperate development
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information scandal?
newspapers published stories of propaganda being used to encourage english speaking readers to join the Afrikaner nationalist cause
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reasons for Botha's reforms?
Keep white minority in power, economic pressures, internal divisions, increasing isolation, soweto and biko, Sporting boycotts
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Botha's constitutional reforms?
Tricameral parliament; whites, coloured and indians each ahd seperate chambers in parliamnet that they could use to pass laws relevant to their own affairs. Botha became the first President of SA. Botha believed in Pro-verligte + repression
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Botha's economic reforms?
increased security of black workers, softened language of race, promoted homelands/bantustans, worked with Buthelezi; Thatcher and Reagan pro-buthelezi, some political power given to black urban councils, Education spenditure increased
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what was total strategy?
Police given more power to combat terrorism, defense forces raided Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, NP opponents murdered e.g. Ruth First
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Card 2

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What was different about the members of SASO?

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they were part of a generation that resisted the strengthening of apartheid

Card 3

Front

SASO

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what did SASO do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what was black consciousness?

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