South Africa unit 4 revision

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why was there revolt in the townships?
black businessmen became local councillors; they were seen as sell outs. Also people disagreed with the rent rises
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what was the UDF?
United Democratic Front; formed to oppose Botha's reforms. It was an umbrella organisation for grassroots groups.
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what did the UDF adopt?
the Freedom Charter
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protest strategies?
ANC called to 'make our country ungovernable', MK bombings; SA Air Force headquarters bombed killing 19 people in 1985, Comrades - youths supporting the armed struggle, violence became an epidemic
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what happened in Alexandra, Johannesburg?
six day war triggered by the death of Michael Diradeng's death
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significance of the 6 day war?
showed the power of the youths, Winnie Mandela speech about 'Necklacing', potential collapse of apartheid at a local level
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Rural rebellion?
Accusations of witchcraft were rife; 32 killed, Sekhukhuneland in the 50s
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Botha's Responses?
Alexandra sealed off by troops, 2 states of emergency, police arrested and tortured people, offered to release Mandela if he called of the violence; Mandela refused, Arrested leaders of the UDF
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Examples of government suppression?
SSC; organised Total Strategy, Big Weapons Industry; strong police, army and trade, BOSS - secret police, Assassinations; 3 attempts on Chris Hani and Murder of Ruth First (Joe Slovo's wife)
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Conflict in the Homelands?
Chief Buthelezi and Inkhata Freedom party were powerful in KwaZulu, they were against the UDF and ANC
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what happened to the pass laws in 1986?
Botha abandoned them
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other social changes?
racial restrictions at workplaces softened, investment in townships
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Total Strategy outside SA?
attacked ANC bases in Mozambique, non-aggression pacts with Swaziland and Mozambique in 83 and 84
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International Pressures on the NP?
collapse of communism meant less support from the USA and Britain, free elections in Namibia meant a SWAPO victory
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Economic Pressures?
90 US companies pulled out of SA, Barclays said they would not give out loans until Apartheid ended, 1986 - US imposed sanctions of SA; bypassing Reagan's veto, Currency slumped
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De Klerk?
won 48% of white vote - new president, worst performance for NP
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what were De Klerk's aims?
be a peacemaker, stop violence, win support of Afrikaner press, win more international support
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First actions of De Klerk?
Released Mandela and unbanned political opposition
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Dismantling Apartheid?
petty Apartheid laws ended, state of emergency lifted; De Klerk arrested members of the MK and communist party, 1990 - ANC suspended armed struggle, De Klerk accepted Joe Slovo and communists in negotiations
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CODESA 1, 1991 - De Klerk and ANC aims?
De Klerk; achieve a constitutional settlement for minorities, ANC; fully democratic settlement
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De Klerk's role in CODESA?
Freed Mandela, Revoked Apartheid laws, Called for a whites-only referendum
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Mandela's role in CODESA?
Reached out to all negotiations, Stood up to De Klerk when needed, President of ANC
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Role of violence on CODESA?
Undermined negotiations, Black on black violence between Zulus and ANC, caused talks to be suspended
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CODESA 2?
Began after CODESA 1 was temporarily suspended
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Problems facing CODESA 2 talks?
Chris Hani murdered by white extremist, Boipatong Massacre, violence continued
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Boipatong Massacre?
residents massacred by hostel dwellers; most likely Inkhata supporters
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How close was SA to a civil war?
ANC; wanted quicker progress, PAC's Poqo; hostile to negotiations, ANC believed there was a third force in play, AWB far right group threatened civil war
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Final agreement?
Multi-party negotiating forum set up, election date set for April 1994
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Election results?
ANC 62.5 and NP 20%
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government of nation unity?
ANC didn't win 2/3 of the seats, couldn't change constitution without support of the other parties, NP and Inkhata included
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Economic legacy of apartheid?
Housing, education and welfare prioritised by new government, black workers saw a rise in living standards due to COSATU, unemployment remained at 25%
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international acceptance?
Huge international acceptance, 1994; accepted into African Union for the first time, Hosted rugby World Cup in 1995
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what was the UDF?

Back

United Democratic Front; formed to oppose Botha's reforms. It was an umbrella organisation for grassroots groups.

Card 3

Front

what did the UDF adopt?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

protest strategies?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what happened in Alexandra, Johannesburg?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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